Oracle netra X5-2 Security Manual

Marque: Oracle

Modèle: netra X5-2

Taper: Security Manual

Oracle

Server X5-2 Security Guide

Part No: E48323-03

May 2015

Oracle Server X5-2 Security Guide

Part No: E48323-03

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Contents

Basic Security ..................................................................................................... 7

Access ........................................................................................................... 7

Authentication ................................................................................................ 8

Authorization .................................................................................................. 8

Accounting and Auditing .................................................................................. 8

Using Server Configuration and Management Tools Securely .......................... 11

Oracle System Assistant Security ..................................................................... 11

Oracle ILOM Security .................................................................................... 12

Oracle Hardware Management Pack Security ..................................................... 14

Planning a Secure Environment ....................................................................... 15

Password Protection ....................................................................................... 15

Operating System Security Guidelines ............................................................... 16

Network Switches and Ports ............................................................................ 16

VLAN Security ............................................................................................. 17

InfiniBand Security ........................................................................................ 17

Maintaining a Secure Environment ................................................................... 19

Power Control .............................................................................................. 19

Asset Tracking .............................................................................................. 19

Updates for Software and Firmware ................................................................. 20

Network Security .......................................................................................... 20

Data Protection and Security ........................................................................... 21

Log Maintenance ........................................................................................... 22

6 Oracle Server X5-2 Security Guide • May 2015

Basic Security

This document provides general security guidelines to help you protect your Oracle server,

server network interfaces, and connected network switches.

Contact your IT Security Officer for additional security requirements that pertain to your system

and specific environment.

There are basic security principles that you should adhere to when using all hardware and

software. This section covers the four basic security principles:

■

“Access” on page 7

■

“Authentication” on page 8

■

“Authorization” on page 8

■

“Accounting and Auditing” on page 8

Access

Access refers to physical access to hardware, or physical or virtual access to software.

■

Use physical and software controls to protect your hardware and data from intrusion.

■

Change all default passwords when installing a new system. Most types of equipment use

default passwords, such as changeme, that are widely known and could allow unauthorized

access to hardware or software.

■

Refer to the documentation that came with your software to enable any security features

available for the software.

■

Install servers and related equipment in a locked, restricted access room.

■

If equipment is installed in a rack with a locking door, keep the door locked except when

you have to service components in the rack.

■

Restrict access to USB ports and consoles. Devices such as system controllers, power

distribution units (PDUs), and network switches have USB connections, which can

provide direct access to the system. Physical access is a more secure method of accessing

components since it is not susceptible to network-based attacks.

■

Restrict the capability to restart the system over the network.

Basic Security 7

Authentication

■

Restrict access to hot-plug or hot-swap devices in particular because they can be easily

removed.

■

Store spare field-replaceable units (FRUs) and customer-replaceable units (CRUs) in a

locked cabinet. Restrict access to the locked cabinet to authorized personnel.

Authentication

Authentication is how a user is identified, typically through confidential information such as

user name and password. Authentication ensures that users of hardware or software are who

they say they are.

■

Set up authentication features such as a password system in your platform operating systems

to ensure that users are who they say they are.

■

Ensure that your personnel use employee badges properly to enter the computer room.

■

For user accounts: use access control lists where appropriate; set time-outs for extended

sessions; set privilege levels for users.

Authorization

Authorization allows administrators to control what tasks or privileges a user may perform

or use. Personnel can only perform the tasks and use the privileges that have been assigned

to them. Authorization refers to restrictions placed on personnel to work with hardware and

software.

■

Allow personnel to work only with hardware and software that they are trained and

qualified to use.

■

Set up a system of Read/Write/Execute permissions to control user access to commands,

disk space, devices, and applications.

Accounting and Auditing

Accounting and auditing refer to maintaining a record of a user's activity on the system. Oracle

servers have software and hardware features that allow administrators to monitor login activity

and to maintain hardware inventories.

■

Use system logs to monitor user logins. Monitor system administrator and service accounts

in particular because those accounts have access to commands that if used incorrectly could

8 Oracle Server X5-2 Security Guide • May 2015

Accounting and Auditing

cause harm to the system or incur data loss. Access and commands should be carefully

monitored through system logs.

■

Record the serial numbers of all your hardware. Use component serial numbers to track

system assets. Oracle part numbers are electronically recorded on cards, modules, and

motherboards, and can be used for inventory purposes.

■

To detect and track components, provide a security mark on all significant items of

computer hardware such as FRUs and CRUs. Use special ultraviolet pens or embossed

labels.

■

Keep hardware activation keys and licenses in a secure location that is easily accessible to

the system administrator, especially during system emergencies. The printed documents

might be your only proof of ownership.

Basic Security 9

10 Oracle Server X5-2 Security Guide • May 2015

Using Server Configuration and Management

Tools Securely

Follow the security guidelines in these sections when using software and firmware tools to

configure and manage your server:

■

“Oracle System Assistant Security” on page 11

■

“Oracle ILOM Security” on page 12

■

“Oracle Hardware Management Pack Security” on page 14

Contact your IT Security Officer for additional security requirements that pertain to your system

and specific environment.

Oracle System Assistant Security

Oracle System Assistant is a preinstalled tool that helps you to configure and update server

hardware and to install supported operating systems. For information about how to use Oracle

System Assistant, refer to the Oracle X5 Series Servers Administration Guide at:

http://www.oracle.com/goto/x86AdminDiag/docs

The following information describes security issues related to Oracle System Assistant.

■

Oracle System Assistant contains a bootable root environment.

Oracle System Assistant is an application that runs on a preinstalled, internal USB flash

drive. Oracle System Assistant is built on top of a bootable Linux root environment. Oracle

System Assistant also provides the ability to access its underlying root shell. Users who

have physical access to the system, or who have remote KVMS (keyboard, video, mouse,

and storage) access to the system through Oracle ILOM, can access Oracle System Assistant

and the root shell.

A root environment can be used to change system configuration and policies, as well as to

access data on other disks. To increase security, protect physical access to the server and

assign administrator and console privileges for Oracle ILOM users sparingly.

Using Server Configuration and Management Tools Securely 11

Oracle ILOM Security

The Oracle System Assistant shell is designed to permit users with appropriate privileges to

use the Oracle Hardware Management Pack CLI Tools for system management purposes.

The shell is not designed to provide network services. Network services are disabled by

default to ensure the highest level of security and should not be enabled.

■

Oracle System Assistant mounts a USB storage device that is accessible to the

operating system.

In addition to being a bootable environment, Oracle System Assistant is also mounted

as a USB storage device (flash drive) that is accessible to the host operating system

after installation. This is useful when accessing tools and drivers for maintenance and

reconfiguration. The Oracle System Assistant USB storage device is both readable and

writeable and could potentially be exploited by viruses.

For increased security, apply to the Oracle System Assistant storage device the same

methods you use for protecting disks, including regular virus scans and integrity checking.

■

Oracle System Assistant can be disabled.

Oracle System Assistant is a useful tool in helping to set up the server, update and configure

firmware, and install the host operating system. However, if the security implications

described above are unacceptable, or if the tool is not needed, Oracle System Assistant can

be disabled. After disabling Oracle System Assistant, the USB storage device is no longer

accessible to the host operating system and users will be unable to boot into Oracle System

Assistant.

You can disable Oracle System Assistant from either the tool itself or from BIOS. Once

disabled, Oracle System Assistant can only be re-enabled from the BIOS Setup Utility. It

is recommended that the BIOS Setup Utility be password-protected so that only authorized

users can re-enable Oracle System Assistant.

■

Refer to the Oracle System Assistant documentation.

For information about Oracle System Assistant features and functions, refer to the Oracle

X5 Series Servers Administration Guide at:

http://www.oracle.com/goto/x86AdminDiag/docs

Oracle ILOM Security

You can actively secure, manage, and monitor system components using Oracle Integrated

Lights Out Manager (ILOM) management firmware, which is embedded on Oracle x86-based

servers and Oracle SPARC-based servers. Depending on the authorization level granted to

system administrators, functions might include the ability to power off the server, create user

accounts, mount remote storage devices, and so on.

■

Use a secure, internal trusted network.

12 Oracle Server X5-2 Security Guide • May 2015

Oracle ILOM Security

Whether you establish a physical management connection to Oracle ILOM through the

local serial port, dedicated network management port, or the standard data network port, it

is essential that this physical port on the server is always connected to an internal trusted

network, or a dedicated secure management or private network.

Never connect the Oracle ILOM service processor (SP) to a public network, such as

the Internet. You should keep the Oracle ILOM SP management traffic on a separate

management network and grant access only to system administrators.

■

Limit the use of the default Administrator account.

Limit the use of the default Administrator account (root) to the initial Oracle ILOM

installation. Therefore, to ensure the most secure environment, you must change the default

Administrator password (changeme) as part of the initial setup of the system. Gaining

access to the default Administrator account gives a user unrestricted access to all features of

Oracle ILOM. In addition, establish new user accounts with unique passwords and assign

authorization levels (user roles) for each new Oracle ILOM user.

■

Carefully consider risks when connecting the serial port to a terminal server.

Terminal devices do not always provide the appropriate levels of user authentication or

authorization that are required to secure the network from malicious intrusions. To protect

your system from unwanted network intrusions, do not establish a serial connection (serial

port) to Oracle ILOM through any type of network redirection device, such as a terminal

server, unless the server has sufficient access controls.

In addition, certain Oracle ILOM functions, such as password reset and the Preboot menu,

are only made available using the physical serial port. Connecting the serial port to a

network using an unauthenticated terminal server removes the need for physical access, and

lowers the security associated with these functions.

■

Access to the Preboot menu requires physical access to the server.

The Oracle ILOM Preboot menu is a powerful utility that provides a way to reset

Oracle ILOM to default values, and to flash firmware if Oracle ILOM were to become

unresponsive. Once Oracle ILOM has been reset, a user is then required to either press a

button on the server (the default) or type a password. The Oracle ILOM Physical Presence

property controls this behavior (check_physical_presence= true). For maximum security

when accessing the Preboot menu, do not change the default setting (true), so that access to

the Preboot menu always requires physical access to the server.

■

Refer to the Oracle ILOM documentation.

Refer to Oracle ILOM documentation to learn more about setting up passwords, managing

users, and applying security-related features. For security guidelines that are specific to

Oracle ILOM, refer to the Oracle ILOM Security Guide, which is part of the Oracle ILOM

documentation library. You can find the Oracle ILOM documentation at:

http://www.oracle.com/goto/ILOM/docs

Using Server Configuration and Management Tools Securely 13

Oracle Hardware Management Pack Security

Oracle Hardware Management Pack is available for your server, and for many other Oracle

x86-based servers and some Oracle SPARC-based servers. Oracle Hardware Management Pack

features two components: an SNMP monitoring agent and a family of cross-operating system

command-line interface tools (CLI Tools) for managing your server.

■

Use Hardware Management Agent SNMP Plugins.

SNMP is a standard protocol used to monitor or manage a system. With the Hardware

Management Agent SNMP Plugins, you can use SNMP to monitor Oracle servers in your

data center with the advantage of not having to connect to two management points, the host

and Oracle ILOM. This functionality enables you to use a single IP address (the host’s IP

address) to monitor multiple servers.

The SNMP Plugins run on the host operating system of Oracle servers. The SNMP Plugin

module extends the native SNMP agent in the host operating system to provide additional

Oracle MIB capabilities. Oracle Hardware Management Pack itself does not contain an

SNMP agent. For Linux, a module is added to the net-snmp agent. For Oracle Solaris, a

module is added to the Oracle Solaris Management Agent. For Microsoft Windows, the

Plugin extends the native SNMP service. Any security settings related to SNMP for the

Oracle Hardware Management Pack are determined by the settings of the native SNMP

agent or service, and not by the Plugin.

Note that SNMPv1 and SNMPv2c provide no encryption and use community strings as a

form of authentication. SNMPv3 is more secure and is the recommended version to use

because it employs encryption to provide a secure channel, as well as individual user names

and passwords.

■

Refer to the Oracle Hardware Management Pack documentation.

Refer to the Oracle Hardware Management Pack documentation for more information about

these features. For security guidelines that are specific to Oracle Hardware Management

Pack, refer to the Oracle Hardware Management Pack (HMP) Security Guide, which is part

of the Oracle Hardware Management Pack documentation library. You can find the Oracle

Hardware Management Pack documentation at:

http://www.oracle.com/goto/OHMP/docs

14 Oracle Server X5-2 Security Guide • May 2015

Planning a Secure Environment

Security guidelines should be in place before the arrival of the system. After arrival, security

guidelines should be periodically reviewed and adjusted to stay current with the security

requirements of your organization.

Use the information in these sections before and during the installation and configuration of a

server and related equipment:

■

“Password Protection” on page 15

■

“Operating System Security Guidelines” on page 16

■

“Network Switches and Ports” on page 16

■

“VLAN Security” on page 17

■

“InfiniBand Security” on page 17

Contact your IT Security Officer for additional security requirements that pertain to your system

and specific environment.

Password Protection

Passwords are an important aspect of security since poorly chosen passwords could result in

unauthorized access to company resources. Implementing password management best practices

ensures that users adhere to a set of guidelines for creating and protecting their passwords.

Typical components of a password policy should define:

■

Password length and strength

■

Password duration

■

Common password practice

Enforce the following standard practices for creating strong, complex passwords:

■

Do not create a password that contains the user name, employee name, or family names.

■

Do not select passwords that are easy to guess.

■

Do not create passwords that contain a consecutive string of numbers such as 12345.

Planning a Secure Environment 15

Operating System Security Guidelines

■

Do not create passwords that contain a word or string that is easily discovered by a simple

Internet search.

■

Do not allow users to reuse the same password across multiple systems.

■

Do not allow users to reuse old passwords.

Change passwords on a regular basis. This helps to prevent malicious activity and ensures that

passwords adhere to current password policies.

Operating System Security Guidelines

Refer to Oracle operating system (OS) documents for information on:

■

How to use security features when configuring your systems

■

How to operate securely when you add applications and users to a system

■

How to protect network-based applications

Security Guide documents for supported Oracle operating systems are part of the

documentation library for the operating system. To find the Security Guide document for an

Oracle operating system, go to the Oracle operating system documentation library:

Operating System Link

Oracle Solaris OS

http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/documentation/solaris-11-192991.html

Oracle Linux OS

http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/documentation/ol-1-1861776.html

Oracle VM

http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/documentation/vm-096300.html

For information on operating systems from other vendors, such as Red Hat Enterprise Linux,

SUSE Linux Enterprise Server, Microsoft Windows, and VMware ESXi, refer to the vendor’s

documentation.

Network Switches and Ports

Network switches offer different levels of port security features. Refer to the switch

documentation to learn how to do the following:

■

Use authentication, authorization, and accounting features for local and remote access to the

switch.

■

Change every password on network switches that might have multiple user accounts and

passwords by default.

16 Oracle Server X5-2 Security Guide • May 2015

VLAN Security

■

Manage switches out-of-band (separated from data traffic). If out-of-band management is

not feasible, then dedicate a separate virtual local area network (VLAN) number for in-band

management.

■

Use the port mirroring capability of the network switch for intrusion detection system (IDS)

access.

■

Maintain a switch configuration file off-line and limit access only to authorized

administrators. The configuration file should contain descriptive comments for each setting.

■

Implement port security to limit access based upon MAC addresses. Disable auto-trunking

on all ports.

■

Use these port security features if they are available on your switch:

■

MAC Locking involves associating a Media Access Control (MAC) address of one

or more connected devices to a physical port on a switch. If you lock a switch port to

a particular MAC address, superusers cannot create backdoors into your network with

rogue access points.

■

MAC Lockout disables a specified MAC address from connecting to a switch.

■

MAC Learning uses the knowledge about each switch port's direct connections so that

the network switch can set security based on current connections.

VLAN Security

If you set up a virtual local area network (VLAN), remember that VLANs share bandwidth on a

network and require additional security measures.

■

Separate sensitive clusters of systems from the rest of the network when using VLANs.

This decreases the likelihood that users will gain access to information on these clients and

servers.

■

Assign a unique native VLAN number to trunk ports.

■

Limit the VLANs that can be transported over a trunk to only those that are strictly required.

■

Disable VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP), if possible. Otherwise, set the following for VTP:

management domain, password, and pruning. Then set VTP into transparent mode.

■

Use static VLAN configurations, when possible.

■

Disable unused switch ports and assign them an unused VLAN number.

InfiniBand Security

Keep InfiniBand hosts secure. An InfiniBand fabric is only as secure as its least secure

InfiniBand host.

Planning a Secure Environment 17

InfiniBand Security

Note that partitioning does not protect an InfiniBand fabric. Partitioning only offers InfiniBand

traffic isolation between virtual machines on a host.

18 Oracle Server X5-2 Security Guide • May 2015

Maintaining a Secure Environment

After the initial installation and setup, use Oracle hardware and software security features to

continue controlling hardware and software assets.

Use the information in these sections to maintain a secure environment.

■

“Power Control” on page 19

■

“Asset Tracking” on page 19

■

“Updates for Software and Firmware” on page 20

■

“Network Security” on page 20

■

“Data Protection and Security” on page 21

■

“Log Maintenance” on page 22

Contact your IT Security Officer for additional security requirements that pertain to your system

and specific environment.

Power Control

You can use software to turn on and off power to some Oracle systems. The power distribution

units (PDUs) for some system cabinets can be enabled and disabled remotely. Authorization for

these commands is typically set up during system configuration and is usually limited to system

administrators and service personnel.

Refer to your system or cabinet documentation for further information.

Asset Tracking

Use serial numbers to track inventory. Oracle embeds serial numbers in firmware on option

cards and system motherboards. You can read these serial numbers through local area network

(LAN) connections.

Maintaining a Secure Environment 19

Updates for Software and Firmware

You can also use wireless radio frequency identification (RFID) readers to further simplify asset

tracking. An Oracle white paper, How to Track Your Oracle Sun System Assets by Using RFID,

is available at:

http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/articles/systems-hardware-architecture/o11-

001-rfid-oracle-214567.pdf

Updates for Software and Firmware

Security enhancements are introduced through new software releases and patches. Effective,

proactive patch management is a critical part of system security. For best security practices,

update your system with the more recent software release, and all necessary security patches.

■

Check regularly for software updates and security patches.

■

Always install the latest released version of the software or firmware.

■

Install any necessary security patches for your software.

■

Remember that devices such as network switches also contain firmware and might require

patches and firmware updates.

You can find software updates and security patches on the My Oracle Support web site at:

http://support.oracle.com

Network Security

After the networks are configured based on security principles, regular review and maintenance

are needed.

Follow these guidelines to secure local and remote access to your systems:

■

Limit remote configuration to specific IP addresses using SSH instead of Telnet. Telnet

passes user names and passwords in clear text, potentially allowing everyone on the local

area network (LAN) segment to see login credentials. Set a strong password for SSH.

■

Use version 3 of Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) to provide secure

transmissions. Earlier versions of SNMP are not secure and transmit authentication data in

unencrypted text. SNMPv3 uses encryption to provide a secure channel as well as individual

user names and passwords.

■

Change the default SNMP community string to a strong community string if SNMPv1 or

SNMPv2 is necessary. Some products have PUBLIC set as the default SNMP community

20 Oracle Server X5-2 Security Guide • May 2015

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