Irai Automgen 7 Manuel utilisateur

Language reference manual

Examples

The adventures of Doctor R.

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Language reference manual

1. Common elements............................................................................................................. 7

1.1. Variables................................................................................................................................ 7

1.1.1. Booleen variables........................................................................................................................... 7

1.1.2. Numeric variables .......................................................................................................................... 8

1.1.3. Time delay ..................................................................................................................................... 8

1.2. Actions.................................................................................................................................. 10

1.2.1. Assignment of a boolean variable................................................................................................ 10

Complement assignment of a boolean variable .....................................................................................11

1.2.2. Setting a boolean variable to one ................................................................................................. 12

1.2.3. Resetting a boolean variable ........................................................................................................ 13

1.2.4. Inverting a boolean variable......................................................................................................... 13

1.2.5. Resetting a counter, a word or a long........................................................................................... 14

1.2.6. Incrementing a counter, a word or a long .................................................................................... 15

1.2.7. Decrementing a counter, word or long......................................................................................... 15

1.2.8. Time delays.................................................................................................................................. 16

1.2.9. Interferences among the actions................................................................................................... 17

1.2.10. IEC1131-3 standard actions...................................................................................................... 17

1.2.11. Multiple actions ......................................................................................................................... 18

1.2.12. Literal code ................................................................................................................................ 19

1.3. Tests...................................................................................................................................... 19

1.3.1. General form................................................................................................................................ 20

1.3.2. Test modifier................................................................................................................................ 20

1.3.3. Time delays.................................................................................................................................. 21

1.3.4. Priority of boolean operators........................................................................................................ 21

1.3.5. Always true test............................................................................................................................ 22

1.3.6. Numeric variable test ................................................................................................................... 22

1.3.7. Transitions on multiple lines........................................................................................................ 23

1.4. Use of symbols ..................................................................................................................... 23

1.4.1. Symbol syntax.............................................................................................................................. 23

1.4.2. Automatic symbols ...................................................................................................................... 24

1.4.3. Automatic symbol syntax............................................................................................................. 24

1.4.4. How does the compiler manage the automatic symbols ?............................................................ 24

1.4.5. Range of variable attribution........................................................................................................ 25

1.5. Examples.............................................................................................................................. 26

1.6. Grafcet ................................................................................................................................. 28

1.6.1. Simple Grafcet ............................................................................................................................. 28

1.6.2. Divergence and convergence in « And » .................................................................................... 31

1.6.3. Divergence and convergence in « Or »........................................................................................ 33

1.6.4. Destination and source steps, destination and source transitions................................................. 36

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1.6.5. Multiple actions, conditioned actions ...........................................................................................36

1.6.6. Synchronization............................................................................................................................38

1.6.7. Grafcet setting ..............................................................................................................................39

1.6.8. Macro-steps ..................................................................................................................................48

1.6.9. Counters........................................................................................................................................51

1.7. Gemma ................................................................................................................................. 52

1.7.1. Creating a Gemma........................................................................................................................54

1.7.2. Content of Gemma rectangles ......................................................................................................54

1.7.3. Obtaining a corresponding Grafcet...............................................................................................54

1.7.4. Printing Gemma............................................................................................................................55

1.7.5. Exporting Gemma ........................................................................................................................55

1.7.6. Example of Gemma ......................................................................................................................55

1.8. Ladder.................................................................................................................................. 58

1.8.1. Example of Ladder .......................................................................................................................59

1.9. Flow chart ............................................................................................................................ 60

1.9.1. Drawing flow charts .....................................................................................................................61

1.9.2. Example of a flow chart................................................................................................................62

1.10. Literal languages............................................................................................................... 65

1.10.1. How is a literal language used? ..................................................................................................65

1.10.2. Setting a code box.......................................................................................................................66

1.10.3. Low level literal language ..........................................................................................................67

1.10.4. Macro-instruction .....................................................................................................................120

1.10.5. Libraries....................................................................................................................................121

1.10.6. Pre-defined macro-instructions.................................................................................................121

1.10.7. Description of pre-defined macro-instructions .........................................................................122

1.10.8. Example of low level literal language ......................................................................................124

1.11. Extended literal language............................................................................................... 126

1.11.1. Writing boolean equations........................................................................................................127

1.11.2. Writing numeric equations .......................................................................................................128

1.11.3. IF...THEN...ELSE...structure.............................................................................................................130

General syntax :....................................................................................................................................130

1.11.4. WHILE ... ENDWHILE structure ...........................................................................................130

1.11.5. Example of a program in extended literal language .................................................................131

1.12. ST literal language .......................................................................................................... 132

1.12.1. General Information .................................................................................................................132

1.12.2. Boolean equations.....................................................................................................................133

1.12.3. Numeric equations....................................................................................................................134

1.12.4. Programming structures............................................................................................................135

1.12.5. Example of a program in extended literal language .................................................................137

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1.13. Organization chart.......................................................................................................... 137

1.13.1. Creating an organizational chart .............................................................................................. 138

1.13.2. Rectangle content..................................................................................................................... 139

1.14. Illustration ....................................................................................................................... 139

1.15. Function blocks ............................................................................................................... 142

1.15.1. Creating a function block......................................................................................................... 142

1.15.2. Drawing a block and creating a « .ZON » file ......................................................................... 143

1.15.3. Creating an « .LIB » file .......................................................................................................... 145

1.15.4. Simple example of a function block......................................................................................... 145

1.15.5. Illustration................................................................................................................................ 146

1.15.6. Supplementary syntax.............................................................................................................. 149

1.16. Evolved function blocks.................................................................................................. 150

1.16.1. Syntax ...................................................................................................................................... 150

1.16.2. Differentiating between new and old function blocks.............................................................. 150

1.16.3. Example ................................................................................................................................... 151

1.17. Predefined function blocks............................................................................................. 152

1.17.1. Conversion blocks.................................................................................................................... 152

1.17.2. Time delay blocks .................................................................................................................... 152

1.17.3. String blocks ........................................................................................................................... 152

1.17.4. Word table blocks ................................................................................................................... 152

1.18. Advanced techniques ...................................................................................................... 153

1.18.1. Compiler generated code ......................................................................................................... 153

1.18.2. Optimizing generated code ...................................................................................................... 154

2. Examples....................................................................................................................... 157

2.1. Regarding examples.......................................................................................................... 157

2.1.1. Simple grafcet............................................................................................................................ 157

2.1.2. Grafcet with an OR divergence.................................................................................................. 158

2.1.3. Grafcet with an AND divergence.............................................................................................. 159

2.1.4. Grafcet and synchronization ...................................................................................................... 160

2.1.5. Step setting................................................................................................................................. 161

2.1.6. Destination and source steps...................................................................................................... 162

2.1.7. Destination and source steps...................................................................................................... 163

2.1.8. Setting Grafcets.......................................................................................................................... 164

2.1.9. Memorizing Grafcets ................................................................................................................. 165

2.1.10. Grafcet and macro-steps........................................................................................................... 166

2.1.11. Linked sheets ........................................................................................................................... 167

2.1.12. Flow chart ................................................................................................................................ 169

2.1.13. Grafcet and Flow Chart............................................................................................................ 170

2.1.14. Literal language box ................................................................................................................ 171

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2.1.15. Organizational chart .................................................................................................................172

2.1.16. Organizational chart .................................................................................................................173

2.1.17. Function block..........................................................................................................................174

2.1.18. Function block..........................................................................................................................175

2.1.19. Ladder.......................................................................................................................................176

2.1.20. Example developed on a train model........................................................................................177

Educational training manual for AUTOMGEN users.................................................... 183

Distribution............................................................................................................................... 185

Doctor R. in the home automation kingdom ......................................................................... 185

First example : « which came first the bulb or the switch … »............................................ 186

Solution 1 : natural language of an electrician: ladder .........................................................................187

Solution 2 : the sequential language of the automation specialist: Grafcet ..........................................187

It's your turn to play …........................................................................................................... 189

Second example : « time frames, time-switches and other time fun… »............................. 189

Solution 1 : simplicity ..........................................................................................................................190

Solution 2 : improvement .....................................................................................................................191

Third Example : « variation on the theme of coming and going… » .................................. 192

Here is a flow chart solution :...............................................................................................................193

A solution using AUTOMGEN literal language. .................................................................................194

A cleverer one : ....................................................................................................................................195

Try this : ...............................................................................................................................................195

Fourth example : « And the push button became intelligent … » ....................................... 196

The solutions …........................................................................................................................ 199

The solutions …........................................................................................................................ 200

« which came first the switch or the bulb … » .....................................................................................200

« time delays, time switches and other time fun… »............................................................................200

« variation on the theme of coming and going …»................................................................ 202

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1. Common elements

This chapter describes the common elements for all the languages used in

AUTOMGEN.

The logo refers to innovations used in version 7 of AUTOMGEN.

1.1. Variables

The following types of variables are present :

Ö boolean type : the variable may have a true (1) or false (0) value.

Ö numeric type : the variable may have a numeric value, different from the

existing types: 16 bits variables, 32 bits and floating point.

Ö time delay type : structured type, it is a combination of a boolean and numeric

type.

Starting from version 6 the variable name syntax may be AUTOMGEN's or the

syntax of IEC standard 1131-3.

1.1.1. Booleen variables

The following table provides a complete list of the Booleen variables used

Type Syntax

AUTOMGEN

Syntax

IEC 1131-3

Comments

Input I0

to I9999

%I0

to %I9999

May or may not correspond to physical input

(depending on the I/O configuration of the

target).

Output O0

to O9999

%Q0

to %Q9999

May or may not correspond to physical output

(depending on the I/O configuration of the

target).

System Bits U0

to U99

%M0

to %M99

For information on the system bits see the

manual on the environment.

User bits U100

to U9999

%M100

to %M9999

Internal bits for general use.

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Grafcet

Steps

X0

to X9999

%X0

to %X9999

Grafcet step bits

Word bits M0#0

to M9999#15

%MW0 :X0

à %MW9999 :X15

Word bits: the number of bits is

expressed in decimals and is

included between 0 (lower weight

bits) and 15 (higher weight bits).

1.1.2. Numeric variables

The following table provides a complete list of the numeric variables.

Type Syntax

AUTOMGEN

IEC Syntax

1131-3

Comments

Counter C0

to C9999

%C0

to %C9999

16 bit counter, can be initialized,

increased, decreased and tested with

boolean languages without using

literal language.

System

Words

M0

to M199

%MW0

to %MW199

For information on the system words

see the manual on the environment.

User words M200

to M9999

%MW200

to %MW9999

16 bit words for general use.

Long

integer

L100

to L4998

%MD100

to %MD4998

Integer value of 32 bits

Float F100

to F4998

%MF100

to %MF4998

Real value of 32 bits (format IEEE).

1.1.3. Time delay

Time delay is a combined type which groups two boolean variables (launch state,

end state) and two numeric variables on 32 bits (procedure and counter).

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The following model shows a time chart of time delay functionality:

launch state

1

0

procedure

count value

0

1

end state

A time delay procedure value is between 0 ms and 4294967295 ms (a little over

49 days)

The time delay procedure can be modified by the program, see chapter

(instruction STA).

1.10.3.

The time delay counter can be read by the program, see chapter 1.10.3.

(instruction LDA).

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1.2. Actions

Actions are used in :

Ö Grafcet language action rectangles,

Ö flow chart language action rectangles,

Action

Ö ladder language coils.

Action

1.2.1. Assignment of a boolean variable

The « Assignment » action syntax is :

«boolean variable»

Operation :

Ö if the action rectangle or coil command is in a true state then the variable is put

at 1 (true state),

Ö if the action rectangle or coil command is in a false state then the variable is

put at 1 (false state).

Truth table :

Command Variable state (result)

0 0

1 1

Example :

If step 10 is active then O0 takes the value of 1, if not O0 takes the value 0.

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Various « Assignment » actions can be used for the same variable in one

program. In this case, the different commands are combined in « Or » logic.

Example :

State of X10 State of X50 State of O5

0 0 0

1 0 1

0 1 1

1 1 1

Complement assignment of a boolean variable

The « Complement assignment » action syntax is :

«N boolean variable»

Operation :

Ö if the action rectangle or coil command is in a true state then the variable is

reset (false state),

Ö if the action rectangle or coil command is in a false state then the variable is

set at 1 (true state).

Truth table :

Command Variable state (result)

0 1

1 0

Example :

If step 20 is active, then U100 takes the value 0, if not U100 takes the value 1.

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Various « Complement assignment » actions can be used for the same variable in

one program. In this case, the different commands are combined in « Or » logic.

Example :

State of X100 State of X110 State of O20

0 0 1

1 0 0

0 1 0

1 1 0

1.2.2. Setting a boolean variable to one

The « Set to one » syntax is :

«S boolean variable»

Operation :

Ö if the action rectangle or coil command is in a true state then the variable is set

to 1 (true state),

Ö if the action rectangle or coil command is in a false state then the state of the

variable is not modified.

Truth table :

Command Variable state (result)

0 unchanged

1 1

Example :

If step 5000 is active then O2 takes the value of 1, if not O2 keeps the same state.

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1.2.3. Resetting a boolean variable

The « Reset» action syntax is :

«R boolean variable»

Operation :

Ö if the action rectangle or coil command is in a true state then the variable is

reset (false state),

Ö if the action rectangle or coil command is in a false state then the variable state

is not modified.

Truth table :

Command Variable state (result)

0 unchanged

1 0

Example :

If step 6000 is active then O3 takes the value of 0, if not O3 keeps the same state.

1.2.4. Inverting a boolean variable

The « Inversion » action syntax is :

«I boolean variable»

Operation :

Ö if the action rectangle or coil command is in a true state then the variable state

is inverted for each execution cycle,

Ö if the action rectangle or coil command is in a false state then variable state is

not modified.

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Truth table :

Command Variable state (result)

0 unchanged

1 inverted

Example :

If step 7000 is active then the state of O4 is inverted, if not O4 keeps the same

state.

1.2.5. Resetting a counter, a word or a long

The « Reset a counter, word or long» syntax is :

«R counter or word»

Operation :

Ö if the action rectangle or coil command is in a true state then the counter, word

or long is reset,

Ö if the action rectangle or coil command is in a false state then the counter, word

or long is not modified.

Truth table :

Command Value of counter, word or long

(result)

0 unchanged

1 0

Example :

If step 100 is active then counter 25 is reset, if not C25 keeps the same value.

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1.2.6. Incrementing a counter, a word or a long

The «Increment a counter » action syntax is :

«+ counter, word or long»

Operation :

Ö if the action rectangle or coil command is in a true state then the counter, word

or long is incremented for each execution cycle,

Ö if the action rectangle or coil command is in a false state then the counter, word

or long is not modified.

Truth table :

Command Counter, word or long

value (result)

0 Unchanged

1 current value +1

Example :

If step 100 is active then counter 25 is incremented, if not then C25 keeps the

same value.

1.2.7. Decrementing a counter, word or long

The « Decrement a counter » action syntax is :

«- counter, word or long»

Operation :

Ö if the action rectangle or coil command is in a true state then the counter, word

or long is decremented for each execution cycle,

Ö if the action rectangle or coil command is in a false state then the counter, word

or long is not modified..

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Truth table :

Command Value or counter, word or long

(result)

0 unchanged

1 current value -1

Example :

If step 100 is active then counter 25 is decreased, if not C25 keeps the same

value.

1.2.8. Time delays

Time delays are considered as boolean variables and can be used with

« Assignment », « Complement assignment », « Set to one », « Reset », and

« Invert ». The time delay order can be written after the action. The syntax is::

« time delay(duration) »

By default the duration is expressed in tenths of seconds. The letter « S » at the

end of the duration indicates that it is expressed in seconds.

Examples :

Step 10 launches a time delay of 2 seconds which remains active as long as the

step is. Step 20 sets a time delay of 6 seconds which remains active while step 20

is deactivated.

The same time delay can be used by different places with the same procedure and

at different instants. In this case the time delay procedure must only be indicated

once.

Note : other syntaxes exist for time delays. See chapter 1.3.3.

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1.2.9. Interferences among the actions

Certain types of actions cannot be used at the same time on a variable. The table

below shows the combinations which cannot be used..

Assignment

Complement

assignment

Set to one Reset Inversion

Assignment

YES NO NO NO NO

Complement

assignment

NO YES NO NO NO

Set to one

NO NO YES YES YES

Reset

NO NO YES YES YES

Inversion

NO NO YES YES YES

1.2.10. IEC1131-3 standard actions

The table below provides the IEC 1131-3 standard actions which can be used with

AUTOMGEN V>=6 based on the AUTOMGEN. V5 standard syntax.

Name AUTOMGE

N V>=6

Syntax

AUTOMGEN

V5

Syntax

AUTOMGEN

V>=6

Example

Equivalent

example

AUTOMGEN V5

Not

memorized

No value No value

Not

memorized

N1 No value

Complement

not

memorized

N0 N

Reset

R R

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Set to 1 S S

Limited in

time

LTn/duration Non-existent

Time delay DTn/duration Non-existent

Pulse on

rising edge

P1 Non-existent

Pulse

on falling

edge

P0 Non-existent

Memorized

and time

delay

SDTn/duratio

n

Non-existent

Time delay

and

memorized

DSTn/duratio

n

Non-existent

Memorized

limited in time

SLTn/duratio

n

Non-existent

1.2.11. Multiple actions

Within the same action rectangle or coil, multiple actions can be written by

separating them with « , » (comma).

Example :

Multiple action rectangles (Grafcet and flow chart) or coils (ladder) can be

combined. See the chapters on the relative languages for more information.

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1.2.12. Literal code

Literal code can be entered in an action rectangle or coil.

The syntax is :

« { literal code } »

Multiple lines of literal language can be written in braces. A « , » (comma) is also

used here to separate them.

Example :

For more information see the chapters « Low level literal language », «Extended

literal language » and «ST literal language».

1.3. Tests

Tests are used in :

Ö Grafcet language transitions,

Test

Ö conditions based on Grafcet language action,

Test

Ö flow chart language tests,

Test

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Ö ladder language tests.

Test

1.3.1. General form

A test is a boolean equation composed of one or n variables separated by the

operators « + » (or) or « . » (and).

Example of a test :

i0 (test input 0)

i0+i2 (test input 0 « or » input 2)

i10.i11 (test input 10 « and » input 11)

1.3.2. Test modifier

By default if only the name of one variable is specified, the test is « equal to one»

(true). Modifiers make it possible to test the complement state, the rising edge and

the falling edge.

Ö the character « / » placed before a variable tests the complement state,

Ö the character « u » or the character « Ï

*

» placed before a variable tests the

rising edge

Ö the character « d » or the character « Ð

**

» placed before a variable tests the

falling edge

Text modifiers can be applied to one variable or to an expression between

parentheses.

Examples :

Ï i0

/i1

/(i2+i3)

Ð(i2+(i4./i5))

*

To obtain this character when editing a test press the [Ï] key.

**

To obtain this character when editing a test press the [Ð] key.

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