Samlex America PST-1500-12 Manuel utilisateur

DC-AC Power

Inverter

Pure Sine Wave

PST-1500-12

PST-1500-24

PST-2000-12

PST-2000-24

Please read this

manual BEFORE

installing your

inverter

Owner's

Manual

2 | SAMLEX AMERICA INC.

OWNER'S MANUAL | Index

SECTION 1 Safety Instructions ........................................3

SECTION 2 General Information .....................................6

SECTION 3

Limiting Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) ....................... 12

SECTION 4

Powering Direct / Embedded Switch Mode

Power Supplies (SMPS) ....................................................... 13

SECTION 5 Principle of Operation ............................... 15

SECTION 6 Layout ........................................................ 16

SECTION 7

General Information on Batteries

for Powering Inverters ........................................................ 17

SECTION 8 Installation ................................................. 27

SECTION 9 Operation ...................................................40

SECTION 10 Protections ............................................. 41

SECTION 11 Troubleshooting Guide ........................... 46

SECTION 12 Specications ......................................... 49

SECTION 13 Warranty ..................................................53

Disclaimer of Liability

UNLESS SPECIFICALLY AGREED TO IN WRITING, SAMLEX AMERICA INC.:

1. MAKES NO WARRANTY AS TO THE ACCURACY, SUFFICIENCY OR SUITABILITY OF ANY TECHNICAL OR OTHER INFORMATION

PROVIDED IN ITS MANUALS OR OTHER DOCUMENTATION.

2. ASSUMES NO RESPONSIBILITY OR LIABILITY FOR LOSSES, DAMAGES, COSTS OR EXPENSES, WHETHER SPECIAL, DIRECT,

INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL OR INCIDENTAL, WHICH MIGHT ARISE OUT OF THE USE OF SUCH INFORMATION. THE USE OF

ANY SUCH INFORMATION WILL BE ENTIRELY AT THE USERS RISK.

Samlex America reserves the right to revise this document and to periodically make changes to the content

hereof without obligation or organization of such revisions or changes.

Copyright Notice/Notice of Copyright

document is prohibited without express written permission by Samlex America Inc.

2 | SAMLEX AMERICA INC. SAMLEX AMERICA INC. | 3

1.1 IMPORTANT SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS AND SYMBOLS

SAVE THESE INSTRUCTIONS. This manual contains important instructions for models

PST-1500-12 / PST-2000-12 and PST-1500-24 / PST-2000-24 that shall be followed during

installation, operation and maintenance.

The following safety symbols will be used in this manual to highlight safety

and information:

WARNING!

Indicates possibility of physical harm to the user in case of non-compliance.

!

CAUTION!

Indicates possibility of damage to the equipment in case of non-compliance.

i

INFO

Indicates useful supplemental information.

Please read these instructions before installing or operating the unit to prevent personal

injury or damage to the unit.

1.2 SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS - GENERAL

Installation and wiring compliance

• Installation and wiring must comply with the Local and National Electrical Codes and

must be done by a certied electrician.

Preventing electrical shock

• Always connect the grounding connection on the unit to the appropriate grounding

system.

• Disassembly / repair should be carried out by qualied personnel only.

• Disconnect all AC and DC side connections before working on any circuits associated

with the unit. Turning the ON/OFF switch on the unit to OFF position may not entirely

remove dangerous voltages.

• Be careful when touching bare terminals of capacitors. Capacitors may retain high le-

thal voltages even after the power has been removed. Discharge the capacitors before

working on the circuits.

Installation environment

• The inverter should be installed indoor only in a well ventilated, cool, dry environment.

• Do not expose to moisture, rain, snow or liquids of any type.

SECTION 1 | Safety Instructions

4 | SAMLEX AMERICA INC.

SECTION 1 | Safety Instructions

• To reduce the risk of overheating and re, do not obstruct the suction and discharge

openings of the cooling fan.

• To ensure proper ventilation, do not install in a low clearance compartment.

Preventing re and explosion hazards

• Working with the unit may produce arcs or sparks. Thus, the unit should not be used

in areas where there are ammable materials or gases requiring ignition protected

equipment. These areas may include spaces containing gasoline-powered machinery,

fuel tanks, and battery compartments.

Precautions when working with batteries

• Batteries contain very corrosive diluted Sulphuric Acid as electrolyte. Precautions

should be taken to prevent contact with skin, eyes or clothing.

• Batteries generate Hydrogen and Oxygen during charging resulting in evolution of

explosive gas mixture. Care should be taken to ventilate the battery area and follow

the battery manufacturer’s recommendations.

• Never smoke or allow a spark or ame near the batteries.

• Use caution to reduce the risk of dropping a metal tool on the battery. It could spark

or short circuit the battery or other electrical parts and could cause an explosion.

• Remove metal items like rings, bracelets and watches when working with batteries.

The batteries can produce a short circuit current high enough to weld a ring or the

like to metal and, thus, cause a severe burn.

• If you need to remove a battery, always remove the ground terminal from the battery

rst. Make sure that all the accessories are off so that you do not cause a spark.

1.3 SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS - INVERTER RELATED

Preventing Paralleling of the AC Output

The AC output of the unit should never be connected directly to an Electrical Breaker

Panel / Load Centre which is also fed from the utility power / generator. Such a direct

connection may result in parallel operation of the different power sources and AC power

from the utility / generator will be fed back into the unit which will instantly damage

the output section of the unit and may also pose a re and safety hazard. If an Electrical

Breaker Panel / Load Center is fed from this unit and this panel is also required to be fed

from additional alternate AC sources, the AC power from all the AC sources (like the

utility / generator / this inverter) should rst be fed to an Automatic / Manual Selector

Switch and the output of the Selector Switch should be connected to the Electrical Breaker

Panel / Load Center. Samlex America, Inc. Automatic Transfer Switch Model No. STS-30 is

recommended for this application.

!

CAUTION!

To prevent possibility of paralleling and severe damage to the unit, never use a

simple jumper cable with a male plug on both ends to connect the AC output

of the unit to a handy wall receptacle in the home / RV.

4 | SAMLEX AMERICA INC. SAMLEX AMERICA INC. | 5

SECTION 1 | Safety Instructions

Preventing DC Input Over Voltage

It is to be ensured that the DC input voltage of this unit does not exceed 16.5 VDC for

PST-1500-12 / PST-2000-12 or 33.0 VDC for PST-1500-24 / PST-2000-24 to prevent perma-

nent damage to the unit. Please observe the following precautions:

• Ensure that the maximum charging voltage of the external battery charger / alterna-

tor / solar charge controller does not exceed 16.5 VDC for PST-1500-12 / PST-2000-12 or

33.0 VDC for PST-1500-24 / PST-2000-24

• Do not use unregulated solar panels to charge the battery connected to this unit.

Under cold ambient temperatures, the output of the solar panel may reach > 22 VDC

for 12V Battery System and > 44 VDC for the 24V Battery system. Always use a charge

controller between the solar panel and the battery.

• Do not connect this unit to a battery system with a voltage higher than the rated bat-

tery input voltage of the unit (e.g. do not connect PST-1500-12 / PST-2000-12 to 24V or

48V battery system or PST-1500-24 / PST-2000-24 to the 48V Battery System)

Preventing Reverse Polarity on the Input Side

When making battery connections on the input side, make sure that the polarity of bat-

tery connections is correct (Connect the Positive of the battery to the Positive terminal

of the unit and the Negative of the battery to the Negative terminal of the unit). If the

input is connected in reverse polarity, the external DC fuse and the DC fuses inside the

inverter will blow and may also cause permanent damage to the inverter.

!

CAUTION!

Damage caused by reverse polarity is not covered by warranty.

Use of External Fuse in DC Input Circuit

Use Class-T or equivalent fuse of appropriate capacity within 7" of the battery Positive ter-

minal. This fuse is required to protect DC input cable run from damage due to short circuit

along the length of the cable. Please read instructions under Section 8.4.5 - Installation.

Hard Wiring of AC Output to AC Panelboards in RVs / Motor Homes / Trailers /Campers

WARNING!

RISK OF ELECTRIC SHOCK

When this unit is installed in RV / Motor Homes / Trailers / Campers and hard-

wiring connection is used to feed the AC output of the inverter to the AC Distri-

bution Panelboard / Load Center in the vehicle, it is to be ensured that Ground

Fault Circuit Interrupter(s) [GFCI]are installed in the vehicle wiring system to

protect branch circuits.

The following GFCI has been tested to operate satisfactorily and are acceptable. Other

types may fail to operate properly when connected to this inverter:

Mfr. of GFCI Mfr.’s Model No. Description UL Listing File No.

Jiaxing Shouxin Electric

Technology Co. Ltd.

TS-20 NEMA5-20 Duplex 20A E473989

6 | SAMLEX AMERICA INC.

2.1. DEFINITIONS

The following denitions are used in this manual for explaining various electrical

concepts, specications and operations:

Peak Value: It is the maximum value of electrical parameter like voltage / current.

RMS (Root Mean Square) Value: It is a statistical average value of a quantity that varies

in value with respect to time. For example, a pure sine wave that alternates between

peak values of Positive 169.68V and Negative 169.68V has an RMS value of 120 VAC.

Also, for a pure sine wave, the RMS value = Peak value ÷ 1.414.

Voltage (V), Volts: It is denoted by “V” and the unit is “Volts”. It is the electrical force

that drives electrical current (I) when connected to a load. It can be DC (Direct Current

– ow in one direction only) or AC (Alternating Current – direction of ow changes peri-

odically). The AC value shown in the specications is the RMS (Root Mean Square) value.

Current (I), Amps, A: It is denoted by “I” and the unit is Amperes – shown as “A”. It is

the ow of electrons through a conductor when a voltage (V) is applied across it.

Frequency (F), Hz: It is a measure of the number of occurrences of a repeating event per

unit time. For example, cycles per second (or Hertz) in a sinusoidal voltage.

Efciency, (

η): This is the ratio of Power Output ÷ Power Input.

Phase Angle, (φ): It is denoted by “φ” and species the angle in degrees by which the

current vector leads or lags the voltage vector in a sinusoidal voltage. In a purely induc-

tive load, the current vector lags the voltage vector by Phase Angle (φ) = 90°. In a purely

capacitive load, the current vector leads the voltage vector by Phase Angle, (φ) = 90°. In

a purely resistive load, the current vector is in phase with the voltage vector and hence,

the Phase Angle, (φ) = 0°. In a load consisting of a combination of resistances, induct-

ances and capacitances, the Phase Angle (φ) of the net current vector will be > 0° < 90°

and may lag or lead the voltage vector.

Resistance (R), Ohm, Ω: It is the property of a conductor that opposes the ow of cur-

rent when a voltage is applied across it. In a resistance, the current is in phase with the

voltage. It is denoted by "R" and its unit is "Ohm" - also denoted as "Ω".

Inductive Reactance (X

L

), Capacitive Reactance (X

C

) and Reactance (X): Reactance is the

opposition of a circuit element to a change of electric current or voltage due to that

element's inductance or capacitance. Inductive Reactance (X

L

) is the property of a coil

of wire in resisting any change of electric current through the coil. It is proportional to

frequency and inductance and causes the current vector to lag the voltage vector by

Phase Angle (φ) = 90°. Capacitive reactance (X

C

) is the property of capacitive elements to

oppose changes in voltage. X

C

is inversely proportional to the frequency and capacitance

and causes the current vector to lead the voltage vector by Phase Angle (φ) = 90°. The

unit of both X

L

and X

C

is "Ohm" - also denoted as "Ω". The effects of inductive reac-

SECTION 2 | General Information

6 | SAMLEX AMERICA INC. SAMLEX AMERICA INC. | 7

tance X

L

to cause the current to lag the voltage by 90° and that of the capacitive reac-

tance X

C

to cause the current to lead the voltage by 90° are exactly opposite and the net

effect is a tendency to cancel each other. Hence, in a circuit containing both inductances

and capacitances, the net Reactance (X) will be equal to the difference between the

values of the inductive and capacitive reactances. The net Reactance (X) will be inductive

if X

L

> X

C

and capacitive if X

C

> X

L

.

Impedance, Z: It is the vectorial sum of Resistance and Reactance vectors in a circuit.

Active Power (P), Watts: It is denoted as “P” and the unit is “Watt”. It is the power that

is consumed in the resistive elements of the load. A load will require additional Reactive

Power for powering the inductive and capacitive elements. The effective power required

would be the Apparent Power that is a vectorial sum of the Active and Reactive Powers.

Reactive Power (Q), VAR: Is denoted as “Q” and the unit is VAR. Over a cycle, this power

is alternatively stored and returned by the inductive and capacitive elements of the load.

It is not consumed by the inductive and capacitive elements in the load but a certain

value travels from the AC source to these elements in the (+) half cycle of the sinusoidal

voltage (Positive value) and the same value is returned back to the AC source in the (-)

half cycle of the sinusoidal voltage (Negative value). Hence, when averaged over a span

of one cycle, the net value of this power is 0. However, on an instantaneous basis, this

power has to be provided by the AC source. Hence, the inverter, AC wiring and over cur-

rent protection devices have to be sized based on the combined effect of the Active and

Reactive Powers that is called the Apparent Power.

Apparent (S) Power, VA: This power, denoted by "S", is the vectorial sum of the Active

Power in Watts and the Reactive Power in “VAR”. In magnitude, it is equal to the RMS

value of voltage “V” X the RMS value of current “A”. The Unit is VA. Please note that

Apparent Power VA is more than the Active Power in Watts. Hence, the inverter, AC wir-

ing and over current protection devices have to be sized based on the Apparent Power.

Maximum Continuous Running AC Power Rating: This rating may be specied as “Active

Power” in Watts (W) or “Apparent Power” in Volt Amps (VA). It is normally specied in

“Active Power (P)” in Watts for Resistive type of loads that have Power Factor =1. Reac-

tive types of loads will draw higher value of “Apparent Power” that is the sum of “Ac-

tive and Reactive Powers”. Thus, AC power source should be sized based on the higher

“Apparent Power” Rating in (VA) for all Reactive Types of AC loads. If the AC power

source is sized based on the lower “Active Power” Rating in Watts (W), the AC power

source may be subjected to overload conditions when powering Reactive Type of loads.

Surge Power Rating: During start up, certain loads require considerably higher surge of power

for short duration (lasting from tens of millisecs to few seconds) as compared to their Maxi-

mum Continuous Running Power Rating. Some examples of such loads are given below:

• Electric Motors: At the moment when an electric motor is powered ON, the rotor is

stationary (equivalent to being “Locked”), there is no “Back EMF” and the windings

draw a very heavy surge of starting current (Amperes) called “Locked Rotor Am-

SECTION 2 | General Information

8 | SAMLEX AMERICA INC.

peres” (LRA) due to low DC resistance of the windings. For example, in motor driven

loads like Air-conditioning and Refrigeration Compressors and in Well Pumps (using

Pressure Tank), the Starting Surge Current / LRA may be as high as 10 times its rated

Full Load Amps (FLA) / Maximum Continuous Running Power Rating. The value and

duration of the Starting Surge Current / LRA of the motor depends upon the wind-

ing design of the motor and the inertia / resistance to movement of mechanical load

being driven by the motor. As the motor speed rises to its rated RPM, “Back EMF”

proportional to the RPM is generated in the windings and the current draw reduces

proportionately till it draws the running FLA / Maximum Continuous Running Power

Rating at the rated RPM.

• Transformers (e.g. Isolation Transformers, Step-up / Step-down Transformers, Power Trans-

former in Microwave Oven etc.): At the moment when AC power is supplied to a transformer,

the transformer draws very heavy surge of “Magnetization Inrush Current” for a few millisecs

that can reach up to 10 times the Maximum Continuous Rating of the Transformer.

• Devices like Infrared Quartz Halogen Heaters (also used in Laser Printers) / Quartz

Halogen Lights / Incandescent Light Bulbs using Tungsten heating elements: Tungsten

has a very high Positive Temperature Coefcient of Resistance i.e. it has lower resist-

ance when cold and higher resistance when hot. As Tungsten heating element will be

cold at the time of powering ON, its resistance will be low and hence, the device will

draw very heavy surge of current with consequent very heavy surge of power with a

value of up to 8 times the Maximum Continuous Running AC Power.

• AC to DC Switched Mode Power Supplies (SMPS): This type of power supply is used as

stand-alone power supply or as front end in all electronic devices powered from Util-

ity / Grid e.g. in audio/video/ computing devices and battery chargers (Please see Sec-

tion 4 for more details on SMPS). When this power supply is switched ON, its internal

input side capacitors start charging resulting in very high surge of Inrush Current for a

few millisecs (Please see Fig 4.1). This surge of inrush current / power may reach up to

15 times the Continuous Maximum Running Power Rating. The surge of inrush current

/ power will, however, be limited by the Surge Power Rating of the AC source.

Power Factor, (PF): It is denoted by “PF” and is equal to the ratio of the Active Power

(P) in Watts to the Apparent Power (S) in VA. The maximum value is 1 for resistive types

of loads where the Active Power (P) in Watts = the Apparent Power (S) in VA. It is 0 for

purely inductive or purely capacitive loads. Practically, the loads will be a combination of

resistive, inductive and capacitive elements and hence, its value will be > 0 <1. Normally

it ranges from 0.5 to 0.8 e.g. (i) AC motors (0.4 to 0.8), (ii) Transformers (0.8) (iii) AC to

DC Switch Mode Power Supplies (0.5 to 0.6) etc.

Load: Electrical appliance or device to which an electrical voltage is fed.

Linear Load: A load that draws sinusoidal current when a sinusoidal voltage is fed to it.

Examples are, incandescent lamp, heater, electric motor, etc.

Non-Linear Load: A load that does not draw a sinusoidal current when a sinusoidal volt-

age is fed to it. For example, non-power factor corrected Switched Mode Power Supplies

(SMPS) used in computers, audio video equipment, battery chargers, etc.

SECTION 2 | General Information

8 | SAMLEX AMERICA INC. SAMLEX AMERICA INC. | 9

Resistive Load: A device or appliance that consists of pure resistance (like lament

lamps, cook tops, toaster, coffee maker etc.) and draws only Active Power (Watts) from

the inverter. The inverter can be sized based on the Active Power rating (Watts) of

resistive type of loads without creating overload (except for resistive type of loads with

Tungsten based heating element like in Incandescent Light Bulbs, Quartz Halogen Lights

and Quartz Halogen Infrared Heaters. These require higher starting surge power due to

lower resistance value when the heating element is cold).

Reactive Load: A device or appliance that consists of a combination of resistive, inductive

and capacitive elements (like motor driven tools, refrigeration compressors, microwaves,

computers, audio/ video etc.). The Power Factor of this type of load is <1 e.g. AC motors

(PF=0.4 to 0.8), Transformers (PF=0.8), AC to DC Switch Mode Power Supplies (PF=0.5

to 0.6) etc. These devices require Apparent Power (VA) from the AC power source. The

Apparent Power is a vectorial sum of Active Power (Watts) and Reactive Power (VAR).

The AC power source has to be sized based on the higher Apparent Power (VA) and also

based on the Starting Surge Power.

2.2 OUTPUT VOLTAGE WAVEFORMS

TIME

180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

Modied Sine

Wave sits at

ZERO for some

time and then

rises or falls

V

PEAK

= 169.68V

Modied Sine Wave

Sine Wave

Pure Sine Wave

crosses Zero Volt

instantaneously

V

PEAK

= 140 to 160V

V

RMS

= 120 VAC

VOLTS (+)VOLTS (–)

16.66 ms

Fig. 2.1: Pure and Modied Sine Waveforms for 120 VAC, 60 Hz

The output waveform of the Samlex PST series inverters is a Pure Sine Wave like the

waveform of Utility / Grid Power. Please see Sine Wave represented in the Fig. 2.1 that

also shows Modied Sine Waveform for comparison.

In a Sine Wave, the voltage rises and falls smoothly with a smoothly changing phase

angle and also changes its polarity instantly when it crosses 0 Volts. In a Modied Sine

Wave, the voltage rises and falls abruptly, the phase angle also changes abruptly and

it sits at zero V for some time before changing its polarity. Thus, any device that uses a

SECTION 2 | General Information

10 | SAMLEX AMERICA INC.

control circuitry that senses the phase (for voltage / speed control) or instantaneous zero

voltage crossing (for timing control) will not work properly from a voltage that has a

Modied Sine Waveform.

Also, as the Modied Sine Wave is a form of Square Wave, it is comprised of multiple

Sine Waves of odd harmonics (multiples) of the fundamental frequency of the Modied

Sine Wave. For example, a 60 Hz Modied Sine Wave will consist of Sine Waves with

odd harmonic frequencies of 3rd (180 Hz), 5th (300 Hz), 7th (420 Hz) and so on. The high

frequency harmonic content in a Modied Sine Wave produces enhanced radio interfer-

ence, higher heating effect in inductive loads like microwaves and motor driven devices

like hand tools, refrigeration / air-conditioning compressors, pumps etc. The higher

frequency harmonics also produce overloading effect in low frequency capacitors due to

lowering of their capacitive reactance by the higher harmonic frequencies. These capaci-

tors are used in ballasts for uorescent lighting for Power Factor improvement and in

single-phase induction motors as Start and Run Capacitors. Thus, Modied and Square

Wave inverters may shut down due to overload when powering these devices.

2.3 ADVANTAGES OF PURE SINE WAVE INVERTERS

• The output waveform is a Sine Wave with very low harmonic distortion and cleaner

power like Utility / Grid supplied electricity.

• Inductive loads like microwaves, motors, transformers etc. run faster, quieter

and cooler.

• More suitable for powering uorescent lighting xtures containing Power Factor

Improvement Capacitors and single phase motors containing Start and Run Capacitors

• Reduces audible and electrical noise in fans, uorescent lights, audio ampliers, TV,

fax and answering machines, etc.

• Does not contribute to the possibility of crashes in computers, weird print outs and

glitches in monitors.

2.4 SOME EXAMPLES OF DEVICES THAT MAY NOT WORK PROPERLY WITH

MODIFIED SINE WAVE AND MAY ALSO GET DAMAGED ARE GIVEN BELOW:

• Laser printers, photocopiers, and magneto-optical hard drives.

• Built-in clocks in devices such as clock radios, alarm clocks, coffee makers, bread-mak-

ers, VCR, microwave ovens etc. may not keep time correctly.

• Output voltage control devices like dimmers, ceiling fan / motor speed control may

not work properly (dimming / speed control may not function).

• Sewing machines with speed / microprocessor control.

• Transformer-less capacitive input powered devices like (i) Razors, ashlights, night-

lights, smoke detectors etc. (ii) Some re-chargers for battery packs used in hand power

tools. These may get damaged. Please check with the manufacturer of these types of

devices for suitability.

SECTION 2 | General Information

10 | SAMLEX AMERICA INC. SAMLEX AMERICA INC. | 11

• Devices that use radio frequency signals carried by the AC distribution wiring.

• Some new furnaces with microprocessor control / Oil burner primary controls.

• High intensity discharge (HID) lamps like Metal Halide Lamps. These may get dam-

aged. Please check with the manufacturer of these types of devices for suitability.

• Some uorescent lamps / light xtures that have Power Factor Correction Capacitors.

The inverter may shut down indicating overload.

• Induction Cooktops

2.5 POWER RATING OF INVERTERS

i

INFO

For proper understanding of explanations given below, please refer to deni-

tions of Active / Reactive / Apparent / Continuous / Surge Powers, Power Factor,

and Resistive / Reactive Loads at Section 2.1 under “DEFINITIONS”.

The power rating of inverters is specied as follows:

• Maximum Continuous Running Power Rating

• Surge Power Rating to accommodate high, short duration surge of power required

during start up of certain AC appliances and devices.

Please read details of the above two types of power ratings in Section 2.1 under

“DEFINITIONS”

i

INFO

The manufacturers’ specication for power rating of AC appliances and devices

indicates only the Maximum Continuous Running Power Rating. The high,

short duration surge of power required during start up of some specic types

of devices has to be determined by actual testing or by checking with the

manufacturer. This may not be possible in all cases and hence, can be guessed

at best, based on some general Rules of Thumb.

Table 2.1 provides a list of some common AC appliances / devices that require high, short

duration surge of power during start up. An “Inverter Sizing Factor” has been recom-

mended against each which is a Multiplication Factor to be applied to the Maximum

Continuous Running Power Rating (Active Power Rating in Watts) of the AC appliance

/ device to arrive at the Maximum Continuous Running Power Rating of the inverter

(Multiply the Maximum Continuous Running Power Rating (Active Power Rating in

Watts) of the appliance / device by recommended Sizing Factor to arrive at the Maxi-

mum Continuous Running Power Rating of the inverter.

SECTION 2 | General Information

12 | SAMLEX AMERICA INC.

TABLE 2.1: INVERTER SIZING FACTOR

Type of Device or Appliance

Inverter

Sizing Factor

(See note 1)

Air Conditioner / Refrigerator / Freezer (Compressor based) 5

Air Compressor 4

Sump Pump / Well Pump / Submersible Pump 3

Dishwasher / Clothes Washer 3

Microwave (where rated output power is the cooking power) 2

Furnace Fan 3

Industrial Motor 3

Portable Kerosene / Diesel Fuel Heater 3

Circular Saw / Bench Grinder 3

Incandescent / Halogen / Quartz Lamps 3

Laser Printer / Other Devices using Infrared Quartz Halogen Heaters 4

Switch Mode Power Supplies (SMPS): no Power Factor correction 2

Photographic Strobe / Flash Lights 4 (See Note 2)

NOTES FOR TABLE 2.1

1. Multiply the Maximum Continuous Running Power Rating (Active Power Rating in

Watts) of the appliance / device by the recommended Sizing Factor to arrive at the

Maximum Continuous Running Power Rating of the inverter.

2. For photographic strobe / ash unit, the Surge Power Rating of the inverter should be

> 4 times the Watt Sec rating of photographic strobe / ash unit.

SECTION 3 | Limiting Electro-Magnetic

Interference (EMI)

3.1 EMI AND FCC COMPLIANCE

These inverters contain internal switching devices that generate conducted and radiated

electromagnetic interference (EMI). The EMI is unintentional and cannot be entirely

eliminated. The magnitude of EMI is, however, limited by circuit design to acceptable

levels as per limits laid down in North American FCC Standard FCC Part 15(B), Class B.

These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interfer-

ence when the equipment is operated in residential environment. These inverters can

conduct and radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance

with the instruction manual, may cause harmful interference to radio communications.

3.2 REDUCING EMI THROUGH PROPER INSTALLATION

The effects of EMI will also depend upon a number of factors external to the inverter

like proximity of the inverter to the EMI receptors, types and quality of connecting wires

and cables etc. EMI due to factors external to the inverter may be reduced as follows:

SECTION 2 | General Information

12 | SAMLEX AMERICA INC. SAMLEX AMERICA INC. | 13

- Ensure that the inverter is rmly grounded to the ground system of the building or

the vehicle

- Locate the inverter as far away from the EMI receptors like radio, audio and video

devices as possible

- Keep the DC side wires between the battery and the inverter as short as possible.

- Do NOT keep the battery wires far apart. Keep them taped together to reduce their

inductance and induced voltages. This reduces ripple in the battery wires and im-

proves performance and efciency.

- Shield the DC side wires with metal sheathing / copper foil / braiding:

- Use coaxial shielded cable for all antenna inputs (instead of 300 ohm twin leads)

- Use high quality shielded cables to attach audio and video devices to one another

- Limit operation of other high power loads when operating audio / video equipment

SECTION 4 | Powering Direct / Embedded Switch

Mode Power Supplies (SMPS)

4.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF SWITCHED MODE POWER SUPPLIES (SMPS)

Switch Mode Power Supplies (SMPS) are extensively used to convert the incoming AC

power into various voltages like 3.3V, 5V, 12V, 24V etc. that are used to power vari-

ous devices and circuits used in electronic equipment like battery chargers, computers,

audio and video devices, radios etc. SMPS use large capacitors in their input section for

ltration. When the power supply is rst turned on, there is a very large inrush cur-

rent drawn by the power supply as the input capacitors are charged (The capacitors act

almost like a short circuit at the instant the power is turned on). The inrush current at

turn-on is several to tens of times larger than the rated RMS input current and lasts for

a few milliseconds. An example of the input voltage versus input current waveforms is

given in Fig. 4.1. It will be seen that the initial input current pulse just after turn-on is >

15 times larger than the steady state RMS current. The inrush dissipates in around 2 or 3

cycles i.e. in around 33 to 50 milliseconds for 60 Hz sine wave.

Further, due to the presence of high value of input lter capacitors, the current drawn

by an SMPS (With no Power Factor correction) is not sinusoidal but non-linear as shown

in Fig 4.2. The steady state input current of SMPS is a train of non-linear pulses instead

of a sinusoidal wave. These pulses are two to four milliseconds duration each with a very

high Crest Factor of around 3 (Crest Factor = Peak value ÷ RMS value).

Many SMPS units incorporate “Inrush Current Limiting”. The most common method is

the NTC (Negative Temperature Coefcient) resistor. The NTC resistor has a high resist-

ance when cold and a low resistance when hot. The NTC resistor is placed in series with

the input to the power supply. The cold resistance limits the input current as the input

capacitors charge up. The input current heats up the NTC and the resistance drops during

normal operation. However, if the power supply is quickly turned off and back on, the

NTC resistor will be hot so its low resistance state will not prevent an inrush current event.

SECTION 3 | Limiting Electro-Magnetic

Interference (EMI)

14 | SAMLEX AMERICA INC.

The inverter should, therefore, be sized adequately to withstand the high inrush current

and the high Crest Factor of the current drawn by the SMPS. Normally, inverters have

short duration Surge Power Rating of 2 times their Maximum Continuous Power Rating.

Hence, it is recommended that for purposes of sizing the inverter to accommodate

Crest Factor of 3, the Maximum Continuous Power Rating of the inverter should be > 2

times the Maximum Continuous Power Rating of the SMPS. For example, an SMPS rated

at 100 Watts should be powered from an inverter that has Maximum Continuous Power

Rating of > 200 Watts.

Input voltage

Inrush current

Peak inrush

current

Rated steady state

input RMS current

NOTE: Voltage

and current scales

are dierent

Fig 4.1: Inrush current in an SMPS

TIME

Peak Current

RMS Current

Non-linear

Input Current

Pulse

Input Sine

Wave Voltage

Crest Factor = Peak Current = 3

RMS Current

Voltage (+)Voltage (–)

Current (+)Current (–)

NOTE: Voltage

and current scales

are dierent

Fig. 4.2: High Crest Factor of current drawn by SMPS

SECTION 4 | Powering Direct / Embedded Switch

Mode Power Supplies (SMPS)

14 | SAMLEX AMERICA INC. SAMLEX AMERICA INC. | 15

5.1 GENERAL

These inverters convert DC battery voltage to AC voltage with an RMS (Root Mean

Square) value of 120 VAC, 60 Hz RMS.

5.2 PURE SINE WAVE OUTPUT WAVEFORM

The waveform of the AC voltage is a pure Sine Waveform that is same as the waveform

of Grid / Utility power (Supplementary information on pure Sine Waveform and its

advantages are discussed in Sections 2.2 to 2.4).

Fig. 5.1 below species the characteristics of 120 VAC, 60 Hz pure Sine Waveform. The

instantaneous value and polarity of the voltage varies cyclically with respect to time. For

example, in one cycle in a 120 VAC, 60 Hz system, it slowly rises in the Positive direction

from 0V to a peak Positive value “Vpeak” = + 169.68V, slowly drops to 0V, changes the

polarity to Negative direction and slowly increases in the Negative direction to a peak

Negative value “Vpeak” = - 169.68V and then slowly drops back to 0V. There are 60 such

cycles in 1 sec. Cycles per second is called the “Frequency” and is also termed “Hertz (Hz)”.

The Time Period of 1 Cycle is 16.66 ms.

TIME

0V

Peak Negative Voltage

- V

PEAK = - 169.68V

V

RMS = 120 VAC

Peak Positive Voltage

+ V

PEAK = + 169.68V

Voltage (+)

Voltage (

–)

16.66 ms

Fig. 5.1: 120 VAC, 60 Hz Pure Sine Waveform

5.3 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

The voltage conversion takes place in two stages. In the rst stage, the DC voltage

of the battery is converted to a high voltage DC using high frequency switching and

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) technique. In the second stage, the high voltage DC is

converted to 120 VAC, 60 Hz sine wave AC again using PWM technique. This is done by

using a special wave shaping technique where the high voltage DC is switched at a high

frequency and the pulse width of this switching is modulated with respect to a refer-

ence sine wave.

SECTION 5 | Principle of Operation

16 | SAMLEX AMERICA INC.

SECTION 6 | Layout

Fig. 6.1: Layout of PST-1500 and PST-2000

L

N

12

16

15

1413

17

PST-1500 and PST-2000: FRONT

- showing compartment containing AC output

terminals for hardwiring.

PST-1500 and PST-2000: BACK

LEGEND

1. Power ON/OFF Switch

2. Green LED - “POWER”

3. Red LED - “OVERLOAD”

4. Red LED - “OVER TEMP”

5. NEMA5-20R GFCI Duplex Outlets

5a. Reset Button

5b. Test Button

5c. Red LED marked “Life End Alarm”

5d. Green LED: AC output ON

6. Air-exhaust opening for cooling fan

(Fans are located behind the openings)

7. Grounding Lug

8. Negative (-) DC Input Terminal

9. Positive (+) DC Input Terminal

10. Modular Jack for RC-200

Remote Control

11. Metal Strain Relief Clamp for

AC Output Cable

12. Cover Plate for Compartment Containing

AC Output Terminals

13. Compartment Containing AC Output

Terminals for Hardwiring

14. Terminal for AC Output Ground

(Chassis Ground)

15. AC Output: Line Terminal

16. AC Output: Neutral Terminal

17. Air-suction slots for cooling fans

(Additional slots at the bottom - not shown)

5/16”,

18 TPI

}

Hole dia.: 4 mm / 0.16”

Set screw:#6, 40TPI or

M3.5 (Pitch 0.6 mm)

a

b

c d

16 | SAMLEX AMERICA INC. SAMLEX AMERICA INC. | 17

7.1 GENERAL

i

INFO

For complete background information on Lead Acid Batteries and charging

process, please visit www.samlexamerica.com > support > white papers >

White Paper - Batteries, Chargers and Alternators.

Lead-acid batteries can be categorized by the type of application:

1. Automotive service - Starting/Lighting/Ignition (SLI, a.k.a. cranking), and

2. Deep cycle service.

Deep Cycle Lead Acid Batteries of appropriate capacity are recommended for powering

of inverters.

7.2 DEEP CYCLE LEAD ACID BATTERIES

Deep cycle batteries are designed with thick-plate electrodes to serve as primary power

sources, to have a constant discharge rate, to have the capability to be deeply dis-

charged up to 80 % capacity and to repeatedly accept recharging. They are marketed

for use in recreation vehicles (RV), boats and electric golf carts – so they may be referred

to as RV batteries, marine batteries or golf cart batteries. Use Deep Cycle batteries for

powering these inverters.

7.3 RATED CAPACITY SPECIFIED IN AMPERE-HOUR (Ah)

Battery capacity “C” is specied in Ampere-hours (Ah). An Ampere is the unit of measure-

ment for electrical current and is dened as a Coulomb of charge passing through an electri-

cal conductor in one second. The Capacity “C” in Ah relates to the ability of the battery to

provide a constant specied value of discharge current (also called “C-Rate”: See Section 7.6)

over a specied time in hours before the battery reaches a specied discharged terminal

voltage (Also called “End Point Voltage”) at a specied temperature of the electrolyte. As a

benchmark, the automotive battery industry rates batteries at a discharge current or C-Rate

of C/20 Amperes corresponding to 20 Hour discharge period. The rated capacity “C” in Ah

in this case will be the number of Amperes of current the battery can deliver for 20 Hours at

80ºF (26.7ºC) till the voltage drops to 1.75V / Cell. i.e. 10.5V for 12V battery, 21V for 24V bat-

tery and 42V for a 48V battery. For example, a 100 Ah battery will deliver 5A for 20 Hours.

7.4 RATED CAPACITY SPECIFIED IN RESERVE CAPACITY (RC)

Battery capacity may also be expressed as Reserve Capacity (RC) in minutes typically for

automotive SLI (Starting, Lighting and Ignition) batteries. It is the time in minutes a

vehicle can be driven after the charging system fails. This is roughly equivalent to the

conditions after the alternator fails while the vehicle is being driven at night with the

headlights on. The battery alone must supply current to the headlights and the com-

puter/ignition system. The assumed battery load is a constant discharge current of 25A.

SECTION 7 | General Information on Lead Acid

Batteries

18 | SAMLEX AMERICA INC.

Reserve capacity is the time in minutes for which the battery can deliver 25 Amperes at

80ºF (26.7ºC) till the voltage drops to 1.75V / Cell i.e. 10.5V for 12V battery, 21V for 24V

battery and 42V for 48V battery.

Approximate relationship between the two units is:

Capacity “C” in Ah = Reserve Capacity in RC minutes x 0.6

7.5 TYPICAL BATTERY SIZES

The Table 7.1 below shows details of some popular battery sizes:

TABLE 7.1: POPULAR BATTERY SIZES

BCI* Group Battery Voltage, V Battery Capacity, Ah

27 / 31 12 105

4D 12 160

8D 12 225

GC2** 6 220

* Battery Council International; ** Golf Cart

7.6 SPECIFYING CHARGING / DISCHARGING CURRENTS: C-RATE

Electrical energy is stored in a cell / battery in the form of DC power. The value of the

stored energy is related to the amount of the active materials pasted on the battery

plates, the surface area of the plates and the amount of electrolyte covering the plates.

As explained above, the amount of stored electrical energy is also called the Capacity of

the battery and is designated by the symbol “C”.

The time in Hours over which the battery is discharged to the “End Point Voltage” for

purposes of specifying Ah capacity depends upon the type of application. Let us denote

this discharge time in hours by “T”. Let us denote the discharge current of the battery

as the “C-Rate”. If the battery delivers a very high discharge current, the battery will be

discharged to the “End Point Voltage” in a shorter period of time. On the other hand,

if the battery delivers a lower discharge current, the battery will be discharged to the

“End Point Voltage” after a longer period of time. Mathematically:

EQUATION 1: Discharge current “C-Rate” = Capacity “C” in Ah ÷ Discharge Time “T”

Table 7.2 below gives some examples of C-Rate specications and applications:

TABLE 7.2: DISCHARGE CURRENT RATES - “C-RATES”

Hours of discharge time “T” till

the “End Point Voltage”

"C-Rate" Discharge Current in Amps =

Capacity "C" in Ah ÷ Discharge Time

"T" in Hrs.

Example of C-Rate

Discharge Currents

for 100 Ah battery

0.5 Hrs. 2C 200A

1 Hrs. 1C 100A

5 Hrs. (Inverter application) C/5 or 0.2C 20A

Table Continues Next Page }

SECTION 7 | General Information on Lead Acid

Batteries

18 | SAMLEX AMERICA INC. SAMLEX AMERICA INC. | 19

TABLE 7.2: DISCHARGE CURRENT RATES - “C-RATES” (continued from Previous page)

Hours of discharge time “T” till

the “End Point Voltage”

"C-Rate" Discharge Current in Amps =

Capacity "C" in Ah

÷ Discharge Time

"T" in Hrs.

Example of C-Rate

Discharge Currents

for 100 Ah battery

8 Hrs. (UPS application) C/8 or 0.125C 12.5A

10 Hrs. (Telecom application) C/10 or 0.1C 10A

20 Hrs. (Automotive application) C/20 or 0.05C 5A

100 Hrs. C/100 or 0.01C 1A

NOTE:

When a battery is discharged over a shorter time, its specied “C-Rate” discharge current will

be higher. For example, the “C-Rate” discharge current at 5 Hour discharge period i.e. C/5 Amps will

be 4 times higher than the “C-Rate” discharge current at 20 Hour discharge period i.e. C/20 Amps.

7.7 CHARGING / DISCHARGING CURVES

Fig. 7.1 shows the charging and discharging characteristics of a typical 12V / 24V Lead Acid

battery at electrolyte temperature of 80°F / 26.7°C. The curves show the % State of Charge

(X-axis) versus terminal voltage (Y-axis) during charging and discharging at different C-Rates.

Please note that X-axis shows % State of Charge. The % State of Discharge will be 100% - %

State of Charge. These curves will be referred to in the subsequent explanations.

Lead-Acid Battery Chart - 80˚F / 26.7˚C

Battery Voltage in VDC

Battery State of Charge in Percent (%)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130

16.5

16.0

15.5

15.0

14.5

14.0

13.5

13.0

12.5

12.0

11.5

11.0

10.5

10.0

9.5

9.0

C/5

C/40

C/20

C/10

DISCHARGE

CHARGE

C/20

C/3

C/5

C/10

C/100

33.0

32.0

31.0

30.0

29.0

28.0

27.0

26.0

25.0

24.0

23.0

22.0

21.0

20.0

19.0

18.0

24V 12V

Fig. 7.1: Charging / Discharging Curves for 12V and 24V Lead Acid Battery

SECTION 7 | General Information on Lead Acid

Batteries

20 | SAMLEX AMERICA INC.

7.8 REDUCTION IN USABLE CAPACITY AT HIGHER DISCHARGE RATES –

TYPICAL IN INVERTER APPLICATION

As stated above, the rated capacity of the battery in Ah is normally applicable at a dis-

charge rate of 20 Hours. As the discharge rate is increased as in cases where the inverters

are driving higher capacity loads, the usable capacity reduces due to “Peukert Effect”.

This relationship is not linear but is more or less according to the Table 7.3.

TABLE 7.3 BATTERY CAPACITY VERSUS RATE OF DISCHARGE – C-RATE

C-Rate Discharge Current Usable Capacity (%)

C/20 100%

C/10 87%

C/8 83%

C/6 75%

C/5 70%

C/3 60%

C/2 50%

1C 40%

Table 7.3 shows that a 100 Ah capacity battery will deliver 100% (i.e. full 100 Ah) capacity

if it is slowly discharged over 20 Hours at the rate of 5 Amperes (50W output for a 12V

inverter and 100W output for a 24V inverter). However, if it is discharged at a rate of 50

Amperes (500W output for a 12V inverter and 1000W output for a 24V inverter) then

theoretically, it should provide 100 Ah ÷ 50 = 2 Hours. However, Table 7.3 shows that for 2

Hours discharge rate, the capacity is reduced to 50% i.e. 50 Ah. Therefore, at 50 Ampere

discharge rate (500W output for a 12V inverter and 1000W output for a 24V inverter) the

battery will actually last for 50 Ah ÷ 50 Amperes = 1 Hour.

7.9 STATE OF CHARGE (SOC) OF A BATTERY – BASED ON

“STANDING VOLTAGE”

The “Standing Voltage” of a battery under open circuit conditions (no load connected

to it) can approximately indicate the State of Charge (SOC) of the battery. The “Stand-

ing Voltage” is measured after disconnecting any charging device(s) and the battery

load(s) and letting the battery “stand” idle for 3 to 8 hours before the voltage measure-

ment is taken. Table 7.4 shows the State of Charge versus Standing Voltage for a typical

12V/24V battery system at 80°F (26.7ºC).

SECTION 7 | General Information on Lead Acid

Batteries

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