Samlexpower EVO-1224F Le manuel du propriétaire

Evolution

TM

Series

Inverter/Charger

Pure Sine Wave

Models:

EVO-1212F

EVO-1212F-HW

EVO-1224F

EVO-1224F-HW

Please read this

manual BEFORE

operating.

Firmware:

Rev 0.78

Owner's

Manual

EVO

™

INVERTER/CHARGER MANUAL | Index

SECTION 1.1

Safety Instructions ................................................................ 3

SECTION 1.2

Denitions .......................................................................... 9

SECTION 1.3

General Information – Inverter Related .............................. 12

SECTION 1.4

General Information – Battery Related ............................... 16

SECTION 2

Components & Layout ....................................................... 30

SECTION 3

Installation ........................................................................ 35

SECTION 4

General Description & Principles of Operation ................... 76

SECTION 5

Battery Charging in Evolution

™

Series ................................. 89

SECTION 6

Operation, Protections & Troubleshooting ....................... 117

SECTION 7

Specications ................................................................... 127

SECTION 8

Warranty ...................................................................... 130

Disclaimer of Liability

UNLESS SPECIFICALLY AGREED TO IN WRITING, SAMLEX AMERICA INC.:

1. MAKES NO WARRANTY AS TO THE ACCURACY, SUFFICIENCY OR SUITABILITY OF ANY TECHNICAL OR OTHER INFORMATION PROVIDED IN ITS MANUALS OR

OTHER DOCUMENTATION.

2. ASSUMES NO RESPONSIBILITY OR LIABILITY FOR LOSSES, DAMAGES, COSTS OR EXPENSES, WHETHER SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL OR

INCIDENTAL, WHICH MIGHT ARISE OUT OF THE USE OF SUCH INFORMATION. THE USE OF ANY SUCH INFORMATION WILL BE ENTIRELY AT THE USERS RISK.

Samlex America reserves the right to revise this document and to periodically make changes to the content hereof without obligation or

organization of such revisions or changes.

Copyright Notice/Notice of Copyright

express written permission by Samlex America Inc.

2 | SAMLEX AMERICA INC.

SAMLEX AMERICA INC. | 3

SECTION 1.1 | Safety Instructions

1.1 IMPORTANT SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS

SAVE THESE INSTRUCTIONS. THIS MANUAL CONTAINS IMPORTANT INSTRUCTIONS FOR MODELS: EVO-

1212F, EVO-1212F-HW, EVO-1224F AND EVO-1224F-HW THAT SHALL BE FOLLOWED DURING INSTALLATION

& MAINTENANCE OF THE INVERTER/CHARGER.

THE FOLLOWING SYMBOLS WILL BE USED IN THIS MANUAL TO HIGHLIGHT SAFETY AND IMPORTANT INFORMATION:

WARNING!

Indicates possibility of physical harm to the user in case of non-compliance.

!

CAUTION!

Indicates possibility of damage to the equipment in case of non-compliance.

i

INFO

Indicates useful supplemental information.

MISE EN GARDE!

Il y a une possibilité de faire du mal physique à l'utilisateur si les consignes de sécurités sont pas suivies.

!

ATTENTION!

Il y a une risque de faire des dégâts à l'équipement si l'utilisateur ne suit pas les instructions.

Please read these instructions BEFORE installing or operating the unit to prevent personal injury or

damage to the unit.

WARNING! /

!

CAUTION!

1. WARNING! To reduce risk of explosion, do not install in machinery space or in area in which ignition-protected

equipment is required to be used.

2 CAUTION! (a) To prevent damage due to excessive vibration / shock, use on marine vessels with lengths more

than 65 ft. (19.8M). (b) This unit is NOT designed for weather-deck installation. To reduce risk of electrical

shock, do not expose to rain or spray.

3.1 CAUTION! EVO

™

Inverter/Charger with fully automatic charging circuit charges properly rated 12V / 24V Lead

Acid, Nickel Zinc (Ni-Zn) and Lithium Ion Batteries. When EVO

™

Inverter/Charger is in Charge Mode, Blue LED

marked "ON" will be blinking.

3.2 WARNING! Lithium Ion Battery Hazard. Option is available to use 12V / 24V nominal Lithium Ion batteries.

The user/installer should ensure that charging voltages, currents and proles are programmed appropriately to

meet all operating and safety requirements of the battery being used. Make sure that the Lithium Ion Battery

includes Battery Management System (BMS) with built-in safety protocols. Follow the instructions specied by

the Lithium Ion Battery manufacturer. When the EVO

™

Inverter/Charger is in Charge Mode, Blue LED marked

"ON" will be blinking.

4 | SAMLEX AMERICA INC.

4. CAUTION! For indoors use only.

5. WARNING! Hot Surfaces! To prevent burns, do not touch!

6. CAUTION! The AC input / output wiring terminals are intended for eld connection using Copper conductors

that are to be sized based on 75°C. See Table 1.1.1 for sizing of conductors for AC INPUT circuits and Table

1.1.2 for sizing of conductors for AC OUTPUT circuits.

7. WARNING! Over current protection (AC Breakers) for the AC input / output circuits has NOT been provided

for EVO-1212F-HW and EVO-1224F-HW and has to be provided by the installer / user. See guidelines at Table

1.1.1 for sizing of breakers for AC INPUT circuits and Table 1.1.2 for sizing of breakers for AC OUTPUT circuits.

National and Local Electrical Codes will supersede these guidelines.

8. CAUTION! The battery terminals are intended for eld connection of battery side cables using Copper

conductors that are sized based on 90°C. See Table 1.1.3 for recommended sizes of battery side cables for

installation in free air and conduit respectively.

9. WARNING! Over current protection (fuse) for battery and External Charger circuits has NOT been provided and

has to provided by the installer / user. See guidelines at Table 1.1.3 for recommended sizes for installation in free

air and conduit respectively. National and Local Electrical Codes will supersede these guidelines.

10. Tightening torques to be applied to the wiring terminals are given in Table 1.1.4.

11. This unit has been provided with integral protections against overloads.

12. WARNING! To reduce risk of electric shock and re:

 Installation should be carried out by certied installer and as per Local and National Electrical Codes.

 Do not connect to circuit operating at more than 150 Volts to Ground.

 Do not connect to AC Load Center (Circuit Breaker Panel) having Multi-wire Branch Circuits connected .

 Both AC and DC voltage sources are terminated inside this equipment. Each circuit must be individually

disconnected before servicing.

 Do not remove cover. No user serviceable part inside. Refer servicing to qualied servicing personnel.

 Do not mount in zero clearance compartment.

 Do not cover or obstruct ventilation openings.

 Fuse(s) should be replaced with the same type and rating as of the original installed fuse(s).

13. WARNING! Risk of electric shock. Use only those GFCIs that are listed at Table 1.1.5. Other types may fail to

operate properly when connected to this unit.

14. GROUNDING: The Grounding symbol shown below is used for identifying only the eld wiring equipment-

grounding terminal. However, this symbol is usable with the circle omitted for identifying various points within

the unit that are bonded to Ground.

Grounding Symbol / Défaut à la terre

15. WARNING! Precautions When Working With Batteries.

Lead Acid Batteries

 Batteries contain very corrosive diluted Sulphuric Acid as electrolyte. Precautions should be taken to prevent

contact with skin, eyes or clothing. Wear eye protection.

 Batteries generate Hydrogen and Oxygen during charging resulting in evolution of explosive gas mixture.

Care should be taken to ventilate the battery area and follow the battery manufacturer’s recommendations.

SECTION 1.1 | Safety Instructions

SAMLEX AMERICA INC. | 5

SECTION 1.1 | Safety Instructions

 Never smoke or allow a spark or ame near the batteries.

 Use caution to reduce the risk of dropping a metal tool on the battery. It could spark or short circuit the

battery or other electrical parts and could cause an explosion. Always use insulated tools.

 Remove metal items like rings, bracelets and watches when working with batteries. Batteries can produce a

short circuit current high enough to weld a ring or the like to metal and thus cause a severe burn.

 If you need to remove a battery, always remove the Ground terminal from the battery rst. Make sure that

all the accessories are off so that you do not cause a spark.

Lithium Ion Batteries

 Ensure that the battery includes Battery Management System (BMS) with built-in safety protocol.

 Ensure that voltage, current and charging prole settings of the charger are correct

 Ensure that the Battery Management System (BMS) of the battery is able to provide contact closure signal

to the EVO

™

Inverter/Charger under conditions of (i) over voltage / over heating (to stop charging) and

(ii) deep discharge (to stop inverting) [Refer to Section 5.11.2].

MISE EN GARDE!

/

!

ATTENTION!

1. MISE EN GARDE! Pour réduire les risques d’explosion, ne pas installer dans les locaux de machines ou

dans la zone où l’équipement protégé contre les incendies doit être utilisé.

2. ATTENTION! Cet appareil est conçu pour une installation PAS Météo-pont. Pour réduire les risques de

choc électrique, ne pas exposer à la pluie ou à la neige.

3.1 ATTENTION! L'onduleur / chargeur EVO

™

avec circuit de charge entièrement automatique charge

des batteries plomb-acide, nickel-zinc (Ni-Zn) et Lithium-Ion 12V / 24V correctement dimensionnées.

Lorsque l'onduleur / chargeur EVO

™

est en mode de charge, la DEL bleue marquée «ON» clignote.

3.2 ATTENTION! Danger pour la batterie lithium-ion. L'option est disponible pour utiliser des batteries

au lithium de 12V / 24V. L'utilisateur / installateur doit s'assurer que les tensions de charge, les

courants et les prols sont programmés de façon appropriée pour répondre à toutes les exigences de

fonctionnement et de sécurité de la batterie utilisée. L'onduleur / chargeur EVO

™

est alors en mode de

charge, le voyant bleue marqué "ON" clignote.

4. ATTENTION! Pour éviter les dommages dus à des vibrations excessives / choc, ne pas utiliser sur les

navires plus petits avec des longueurs de moins de 65 pi. (19,8).

5. MISE EN GARDE! Surfaces chaudes! Pour éviter les brûlures, ne touchez pas.

6. ATTENTION! Les bornes de câblage entrée / sortie CA sont prévus pour un raccordement sur le terrain

avec des conducteurs de cuivre qui doivent être dimensionnés en fonction de 75 ° C. Voir le tableau

1.1.2 et pour le dimensionnement des conducteurs pour les circuits d’entrée CA et le tableau 1.2 pour

le dimensionnement des conducteurs pour les circuits de sortie AC.

7. MISE EN GARDE! Protection contre les surintensités (AC Les disjoncteurs) pour l'AC circuits d'entrée

/ de sortie n'a pas été fournie pour EVO-1212F-HW / 1224F-HW et doit être fournie par l'installateur/

utilisateur. Voir les lignes directrices à tableau 1.1.1 pour le dimensionnement des disjoncteurs pour les

circuits d’entrée CA et le tableau 1.1.2 pour le dimensionnement des disjoncteurs pour les circuits de

sortie AC. Codes électriques nationaux et locaux remplaceront ces lignes directrices.

6 | SAMLEX AMERICA INC.

SECTION 1.1 | Safety Instructions

8. ATTENTION! Les bornes de la batterie sont destinés pour le champ Connexion à l'aide de conducteurs

de cuivre qui sont dimensionnés en fonction de 90°C. Voir les tableau 1.1.3 pour les tailles

recommandées pour l’installation à l’air libre et conduit respectivement.

9. MISE EN GARDE! Protection contre les surintensités (fusible) pour la batterie et les circuits chargeur

externe n’a pas été fournis et a fourni à l’installateur / utilisateur. Voir les lignes directrices à tableau 1.1.3

pour les tailles recommandées pour l’installation à l’air libre et conduit respectivement. Codes électriques

nationaux et locaux remplaceront ces lignes directrices.

10. Couples de serrage pour être appliqués sur les bornes de câblage sont donnés dans le tableau 1.1.4.

11. Cet appareil a été fourni avec des protections intégrées contre les surcharges.

12. MISE EN GARDE! Pour réduire les risques de choc électrique et d’incendie:

 L’installation doit être effectuée par un installateur certié et selon les codes électriques locaux et

nationaux

 Ne pas se connecter au circuit fonctionnant à plus de 150 volts à la terre

 Ne pas se connecter au Centre de charge AC (Circuit de panneau de disjoncteurs) ayant Direction

Multi-l circuits reliés

 L es deux sources de tension AC et DC sont terminées à l’intérieur de cet équipement. Chaque

circuit doit être déconnecté individuellement avant l’entretien

 Ne pas retirer le couvercle. Aucune partie réparable par l’utilisateur à l’intérieur. Faites appel à un

installateur qualié

 Ne pas monter dans zéro compartiment de jeu

 Ne pas couvrir ou obstruer les ouvertures de ventilation.

 Fusible (s) doit être remplacé par le même type de fusible du fusible installé d’origine (s)

13. MISE EN GARDE! Risque de choc électrique. N'utilisez que les GFCIs qui sont indiqués au tableau

1.1.5. D'autres types peuvent ne pas fonctionner correctement lorsqu'il est connecté à cet appareil.

14. MISE À LA TERRE: Le symbole de mise à la terre ci-dessous est utilisé pour identier uniquement

l’équipement terminal de terre-câblage. Toutefois, ce symbole est utilisable avec le cercle omis pour

identier divers points de l’unité qui sont liés à la masse.

Grounding Symbol / Défaut à la terre

15. MISE EN GARDE! Précautions lorsque vous travaillez avec des piles.

Batteries au plomb

 Les batteries contiennent de très corrosif de l'acide sulfurique dilué comme électrolyte. Des

précautions doivent être prises pour éviter tout contact avec la peau, les yeux ou les vêtements.

Porter des lunettes de protection.

 Générer de l'hydrogène des batteries et de l'oxygène au cours de la charge résultant de l'évolution

du mélange de gaz explosifs. Il faut prendre soin de bien aérer la zone de la batterie et de suivre les

recommandations du fabricant.

 Ne jamais fumer ou permettre qu'une étincelle ou une amme à proximité des batteries.

 Procédez avec précaution pour réduire le risque de chute d'un outil métallique sur la batterie.

Il pourrait déclencher ou court-circuit de la batterie ou d'autres pièces électriques et pourraient

provoquer une explosion. Toujours utiliser des outils isolés.

SAMLEX AMERICA INC. | 7

SECTION 1.1 | Safety Instructions

 Retirer les objets métalliques tels que bagues, bracelets et montres lors de travaux avec des

batteries. Les batteries peuvent produire un courant de court-circuit sufsamment haut pour souder

un anneau ou similaires à metal et donc provoquer des brûlures sévères.

 Si vous avez besoin de retirer la batterie, retirez toujours la borne de masse de la batterie en

premier. S'assurer que tous les accessoires sont off an de ne pas provoquer une étincelle.

Les batteries au lithium-ion

 S'assurer que la batterie comprend Battery Management System (BMS) avec protocole de sécurité intégré.

 S'assurer que la tension, le courant et les paramètres de prol de charge le chargeur sont corrects

 S'assurer que le système de gestion de la batterie (BMS) de la batterie est en mesure de fournir de la fermeture

du contact signal à l'onduleur/chargeur EVO

™

dans des conditions de (i) surtension / plus de chauffage (d'arrêter

le chargement) et (ii) une décharge profonde (pour arrêter l'inversion) [Se reporter à la Section 5.11.2].

TABLE 1.1.1 SIZING OF AC INPUT WIRING AND BREAKERS (Refer to Section 3.8.1, Table 3.2 for more details)

Model No.

(Rated Output Power

in Inverter Mode)

(Column 1)

Current Rating of

AC Input Breaker

(15, Fig 2.1)

(Column 2)

NEC Ampacity =

125% of Column 2

(Column 3)

Conductor Size Based

on NEC Ampacity

at Column 5

(Column 4)

Size of Breaker

Based on Column 4

(Column 5)

EVO-1212F

(1200VA, 10A)

20A 25A AWG# 12 20A

EVO-1212F-HW

(1200VA, 10A)

20A 25A AWG# 12 20A

EVO-1224F

(1200VA, 10A)

20A 25A AWG# 12 20A

EVO-1224F-HW

(1200VA, 10A)

20A 25A AWG# 12 20A

Table 1.1.2 AC OUTPUT WIRING AND BREAKERS (Refer to Section 3.9.2, Table 3.3 for more details)

Model No.

(Rated Power in

Inverter Mode)

(Column 1)

Rated AC Output

Current in

Inverter Mode

(Column 2)

NEC Ampacity =

125% of Column 2

(Column 3)

Wire Size based on

NEC Ampacity at

Column 3 and 75°C

Copper Conductor

in Conduit

(Column 4)

Breaker Size

(Based on NEC

Ampacity at Column 3)

(Column 5)

EVO-1212F

(1200VA)

10A 12.5A AWG# 14 15A

EVO-1212F-HW

(1200VA)

10A 12.5A AWG# 14 15A

EVO-1224F

(1200VA)

10A 12.5A AWG# 14 15A

EVO-1224F-HW

(1200VA)

10A 12.5A AWG# 14 15A

8 | SAMLEX AMERICA INC.

TABLE 1.1.3 SIZING OF BATTERY SIDE CABLES AND EXTERNAL BATTERY SIDE FUSES

(Refer to Section 3.5.5, Table 3.1 for more details)

Model No.

(Column 1)

Rated

Continuous

DC Input

Current

(Column 2)

NEC

Ampacity

= 125% of

Rated DC

Input Current

at Column 2

(Column 3)

90°C Copper Conductor. Size Based on NEC Ampacity at

Column (3) or 2%Voltage Drop, whichever is Thicker

External

Fuse Based

on NEC

Ampacity at

Column (3)

(Column 9)

Cable Running Distance

between the Unit

and the Battery

(Cable Routing In Free Air)

Cable Running Distance

between the Unit

and the Battery

(Cable Routing In Raceway)

Up to 5 ft.

(Column 5)

Up to 10 ft.

(Column 6)

Up to 5 ft.

(Column 7)

Up to 10 ft.

(Column 8)

EVO-1212F

152 190 AWG #2 AWG #2/0 AWG #2/0 AWG #2/0 200A

EVO-1212F-HW

EVO-1224F

76 95 AWG #6 AWG #4 AWG #3 AWG #3 100A

EVO-1224F-HW

External Char-

ger

50A 63A

AWG #6

(2% voltage

drop is thicker)

AWG #2

(2% voltage

drop is thicker)

AWG #6

AWG #2

(2% voltage

drop is thicker)

70A

TABLE 1.1.4 TIGHTENING TORQUES

Battery Input Connectors External Charger Input Connectors AC Input and Output Connectors

70 kgf.cm

(5.0 lbf.ft)

35 kgf.cm

(2.5 lbf.ft)

7 to 12 kgf.cm

(0.5 to 0.9 lbf.ft)

TABLE 1.1.5 USE OF SPECIFIED GROUND FAULT CIRCUIT INTERRUPTER (GFCI) FOR DISTRIBUTION OF AC

OUTPUT POWER IN RECREATION VEHICLES

Manufacturer of GFCI Manufacturers’ Model No. Description

Jiaxing Shouxin Electric Technology Co. Ltd TS-15, TS-20

NEMA5-20, Duplex, 20A

NEMA5-15, Duplex, 15A

SECTION 1.1 | Safety Instructions

SAMLEX AMERICA INC. | 9

The following denitions are used in this manual for explaining various electrical concepts, specications and

operations:

Peak Value: It is the maximum value of electrical parameter like voltage / current.

RMS (Root Mean Square) Value: It is a statistical average value of a quantity that varies in value with respect

to time. For example, a pure sine wave that alternates between peak values of Positive 169.68V and Negative

169.68V has an RMS value of 120 VAC. Also, for a pure sine wave, the RMS value = Peak value ÷ 1.414.

Voltage (V), Volts: It is denoted by “V” and the unit is “Volts”. It is the electrical force that drives electrical

current (I) when connected to a load. It can be DC (Direct Current – ow in one direction only) or AC (Alternating

Current – direction of ow changes periodically). The AC value shown in the specications is the RMS (Root Mean

Square) value.

Current (I), Amps, A: It is denoted by “I” and the unit is Amperes – shown as “A”. It is the ow of electrons

through a conductor when a voltage (V) is applied across it.

Frequency (F), Hz: It is a measure of the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time. For example,

cycles per second (or Hertz) in a sinusoidal voltage.

Efciency, (η): This is the ratio of Power Output ÷ Power Input.

Phase Angle, (φ): It is denoted by “φ” and species the angle in degrees by which the current vector leads or lags

the voltage vector in a sinusoidal voltage. In a purely inductive load, the current vector lags the voltage vector by

Phase Angle (φ) = 90°. In a purely capacitive load, the current vector leads the voltage vector by Phase Angle,

(φ) = 90°. In a purely resistive load, the current vector is in phase with the voltage vector and hence, the Phase

Angle, (φ) = 0°. In a load consisting of a combination of resistances, inductances and capacitances, the Phase

Angle (φ) of the net current vector will be > 0° < 90° and may lag or lead the voltage vector.

Resistance (R), Ohm, Ω: It is the property of a conductor that opposes the ow of current when a voltage is

applied across it. In a resistance, the current is in phase with the voltage. It is denoted by “R” and its unit is “Ohm”

- also denoted as “”.

Inductive Reactance (X

L

), Capacitive Reactance (X

C

) and Reactance (X): Reactance is the opposition of a

circuit element to a change of electric current or voltage due to that element’s inductance or capacitance. Inductive

Reactance (X

L

) is the property of a coil of wire in resisting any change of electric current through the coil. It is

proportional to frequency and inductance and causes the current vector to lag the voltage vector by Phase Angle

(φ) = 90°. Capacitive reactance (X

C

) is the property of capacitive elements to oppose changes in voltage. X

C

is

inversely proportional to the frequency and capacitance and causes the current vector to lead the voltage vector

by Phase Angle (φ) = 90°. The unit of both X

L

and X

C

is “Ohm” - also denoted as “”. The effects of inductive

reactance X

L

to cause the current to lag the voltage by 90° and that of the capacitive reactance X

C

to cause the

current to lead the voltage by 90° are exactly opposite and the net effect is a tendency to cancel each other.

Hence, in a circuit containing both inductances and capacitances, the net Reactance (X) will be equal to the

difference between the values of the inductive and capacitive reactances. The net Reactance (X) will be inductive

if X

L

> X

C

and capacitive if X

C

> X

L

.

SECTION 1.2 | Denitions

10 | SAMLEX AMERICA INC.

Impedance, Z: It is the vectorial sum of Resistance and Reactance vectors in a circuit.

Active Power (P), Watts: It is denoted as “P” and the unit is “Watt”. It is the power that is consumed in the

resistive elements of the load. A load will require additional Reactive Power for powering the inductive and

capacitive elements. The effective power required would be the Apparent Power that is a vectorial sum of the

Active and Reactive Powers.

Reactive Power (Q), VAR: Is denoted as “Q” and the unit is VAR. Over a cycle, this power is alternatively

stored and returned by the inductive and capacitive elements of the load. It is not consumed by the inductive and

capacitive elements in the load but a certain value travels from the AC source to these elements in the (+) half

cycle of the sinusoidal voltage (Positive value) and the same value is returned back to the AC source in the (-) half

cycle of the sinusoidal voltage (Negative value). Hence, when averaged over a span of one cycle, the net value

of this power is 0. However, on an instantaneous basis, this power has to be provided by the AC source. Hence,

the inverter, AC wiring and over current protection devices have to be sized based on the combined effect of the

Active and Reactive Powers that is called the Apparent Power.

Apparent Power (S), VA: This power, denoted by “S”, is the vectorial sum of the Active Power in Watts and the

Reactive Power in “VAR”. In magnitude, it is equal to the RMS value of voltage “V” X the RMS value of current

“A”. The Unit is VA. Please note that Apparent Power VA is more than the Active Power in Watts. Hence, the

inverter, AC wiring and over current protection devices have to be sized based on the Apparent Power.

Maximum Continuous Running AC Power Rating: This rating may be specied as “Active Power” in Watts

(W) or “Apparent Power” in Volt Amps (VA). It is normally specied in “Active Power (P)” in Watts for Resistive

type of loads that have Power Factor =1. Reactive types of loads will draw higher value of “Apparent Power”

that is the sum of “Active and Reactive Powers”. Thus, AC power source should be sized based on the higher

“Apparent Power” Rating in (VA) for all Reactive Types of AC loads. If the AC power source is sized based on the

lower “Active Power” Rating in Watts (W), the AC power source may be subjected to overload conditions when

powering Reactive Type of loads.

Starting Surge Power Rating: Certain loads require considerably higher Starting Surge Power for short duration

(lasting from tens of millisecs to few seconds) as compared to their Maximum Continuous Running Power Rating.

Some examples of such loads are given below:

• Electric Motors: At the moment when an electric motor is powered ON, the rotor is stationary (equivalent

to being “Locked”), there is no “Back EMF” and the windings draw a very heavy starting current (Amperes)

called “Locked Rotor Amperes” (LRA) due to low DC resistance of the windings. For example, in motor driven

loads like Air-conditioning and Refrigeration Compressors and in Well Pumps (using Pressure Tank), LRA

may be as high as 10 times its rated Full Load Amps (FLA) / Maximum Continuous Running Power Rating.

The value and duration of LRA of the motor depends upon the winding design of the motor and the inertia

/ resistance to movement of mechanical load being driven by the motor. As the motor speed rises to its

rated RPM, “Back EMF” proportional to the RPM is generated in the windings and the current draw reduces

proportionately till it draws the running FLA / Maximum Continuous Running Power Rating at the rated RPM.

• Transformers (e.g. Isolation Transformers, Step-up / Step-down Transformers, Power Transformer in

Microwave Oven etc.): At the moment when AC power is supplied to a transformer, the transformer draws

very heavy “Magnetization Inrush Current” for a few millisecs that can reach up to 10 times the Maximum

Continuous Rating of the Transformer.

SECTION 1.2 | Denitions

SAMLEX AMERICA INC. | 11

• Devices like Infrared Quartz Halogen Heaters (also used in Laser Printers) / Quartz Halogen

Lights / Incandescent Light Bulbs using Tungsten heating elements: Tungsten has a very high Positive

Temperature Coefcient of Resistance i.e. it has lower resistance when cold and higher resistance when hot.

As Tungsten heating element will be cold at the time of powering ON, its resistance will be low and hence,

the device will draw very heavy Starting Surge Current with consequent very heavy Starting Surge Power with

a value of up to 8 times the Maximum Continuous Running AC Power.

• AC to DC Switched Mode Power Supplies (SMPS): This type of power supply is used as stand-alone

power supply or as front end in all electronic devices powered from Utility / Grid e.g. in audio/video/

computing devices and battery chargers (Please see Section 4 for more details on SMPS). When this power

supply is switched ON, its internal input side capacitors start charging resulting in very high Inrush Current

for a few millisecs (Please see Fig 4.1). This inrush current / power may reach up to 15 times the Continuous

Maximum Running Power Rating. The inrush current / power will, however, be limited by the Starting Surge

Power Rating of the AC source.

Power Factor, (PF): It is denoted by “PF” and is equal to the ratio of the Active Power (P) in Watts to the Apparent

Power (S) in VA. The maximum value is 1 for resistive types of loads where the Active Power (P) in Watts = the

Apparent Power (S) in VA. It is 0 for purely inductive or purely capacitive loads. Practically, the loads will be a

combination of resistive, inductive and capacitive elements and hence, its value will be > 0 <1. Normally it ranges

from 0.5 to 0.8.

Load: Electrical appliance or device to which an electrical voltage is fed.

Linear Load: A load that draws sinusoidal current when a sinusoidal voltage is fed to it. Examples are,

incandescent lamp, heater, electric motor, etc.

Non-Linear Load: A load that does not draw a sinusoidal current when a sinusoidal voltage is fed to it. For

example, non-power factor corrected Switched Mode Power Supplies (SMPS) used in computers, audio video

equipment, battery chargers, etc.

Resistive Load: A device or appliance that consists of pure resistance (like lament lamps, cook tops, toaster,

coffee maker etc.) and draws only Active Power (Watts) from the inverter. The inverter can be sized based on the

Active Power rating (Watts) of the Resistive Load without creating overload (except for resistive loads with Tungsten

based heating element like lament lamps, Quartz/Halogen lamps and Quartz / Halogen Infrared heaters. These

require higher starting surge power due to lower resistance value when the heating elements are cold).

Reactive Load: A device or appliance that consists of a combination of resistive, inductive and capacitive elements

(like motor driven tools, refrigeration compressors, microwaves, computers, audio/ video etc.). The Power Factor

(PF) of this type of load is < 1 e.g. AC Motors (PF = 0.4 to 0.8), AC to DC Switch Mode Power Supplies (PF = 0.5

to 0.6), Transformers (PF = 0.8) etc. These devices require Apparent Power (VA) from the inverter to operate. The

Apparent Power is a vectorial sum of Active Power (Watts) and Reactive Power (VAR). The inverter has to be sized

based on the higher Apparent Power (VA) and also based on the Starting Surge Power.

SECTION 1.2 | Denitions

12 | SAMLEX AMERICA INC.

1.3 GENERAL INFORMATION - INVERTER RELATED

General information related to operation and sizing of inverters is given in succeeding sub-sections.

1.3.1 AC Voltage Waveforms

TIME

180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

Modied Sine

Wave sits at

ZERO for some

time and then

rises or falls

Pure Sine Wave

crosses zero V

instantaneously

Modied Sine Wave

• V

RMS

= 120V

• V

peak

= 140 to 160V

Sine Wave

• V

RMS

= 120VAC

• V

peak

= 169.68V

16.66 ms

VOLTS − VOLTS +

V

peak

= 169.68V

V

peak

= 140 to 160V

V

RMS

= 120 VAC

Fig 1.3.1 Pure and Modied Sine Waveforms for 120V, 60 Hz

The 120V output waveform of the Evolution

™

series inverters is a Pure Sine Wave like the waveform of Utility / Grid

power. Please see Sine Waveform represented in the Fig. 1.3.1 that also shows equivalent Modied Waveform for

comparison.

In a Sine Wave, the voltage rises and falls smoothly with a smoothly changing phase angle and also changes its

polarity instantly when it crosses 0 Volts. In a Modied Sine Wave, the voltage rises and falls abruptly, the phase

angle also changes abruptly and it sits at 0V for some time before changing its polarity. Thus, any device that uses

a control circuitry that senses the phase (for voltage / speed control) or instantaneous zero voltage crossing (for

timing control) will not work properly from a voltage that has a Modied Sine Waveform.

Also, as the Modied Sine Wave is a form of Square Wave, it is comprised of multiple Sine Waves of odd

harmonics (multiples) of the fundamental frequency of the Modied Sine Wave. For example, a 60 Hz Modied

Sine Wave will consist of Sine Waves with odd harmonic frequencies of 3rd (180 Hz), 5th (300 Hz), 7th (420 Hz)

and so on. The high frequency harmonic content in a Modied Sine Wave produces enhanced radio interference,

higher heating effect in inductive loads like microwaves and motor driven devices like hand tools, refrigeration

/ air-conditioning compressors, pumps etc. The higher frequency harmonics also produce overloading effect in

low frequency capacitors due to lowering of their capacitive reactance by the higher harmonic frequencies. These

capacitors are used in ballasts for uorescent lighting for Power Factor improvement and in single-phase induction

motors as start and run capacitors. Thus, Modied and Square Wave Inverters may shut down due to overload

when powering these devices.

SECTION 1.3 | General Information – Inverter Related

SAMLEX AMERICA INC. | 13

1.3.2 Advantages of Pure Sine Wave Inverters

 The output waveform is a Sine Wave with very low harmonic distortion and cleaner power like Grid / Utility supplied

electricity.

 Inductive loads like microwaves, motors, transformers etc. run faster, quieter and cooler.

 More suitable for powering uorescent lighting xtures containing Power Factor Improvement Capacitors and single

phase motors containing Start and Run Capacitors.

 Reduces audible and electrical noise in fans, uorescent lights, audio ampliers, TV, fax and answering machines.

 Does not contribute to the possibility of crashes in computers, weird print outs and glitches in monitors.

Some examples of devices that may not work properly with Modied Sine Wave and may also get

damaged are given below:

 Laser printers, photocopiers, and magneto-optical hard drives.

 Built-in clocks in devices such as clock radios, alarm clocks, coffee makers, bread-makers, VCR, microwave ovens

etc. may not keep time correctly.

 Output voltage control devices like dimmers, ceiling fan / motor speed control may not work properly (dimming /

speed control may not function).

 Sewing machines with speed / microprocessor control.

 Transformer-less capacitive input powered devices like (i) Razors, ashlights, night-lights, smoke detectors etc. (ii) Some

re-chargers for battery packs used in hand power tools. These may get damaged. Please check with the manufacturer

of these types of devices for suitability.

 Devices that use radio frequency signals carried by the AC distribution wiring.

 Some new furnaces with microprocessor control / Oil burner primary controls.

 High intensity discharge (HID) lamps like Metal Halide lamps. These may get damaged. Please check with the

manufacturer of these types of devices for suitability.

 Some uorescent lamps / light xtures that have Power Factor Correction Capacitors. The inverter may shut down

indicating overload.

 Induction Cooktops.

1.3.3 Power Rating of Inverters

i

INFO

For proper understanding of explanations given below, please refer to denitions

of Active / Reactive / Apparent / Continuous / Surge Powers, Power Factor, and

Resistive / Reactive Loads at Section 1.2 under “DEFINITIONS”

The power rating of inverters is specied as follows:

• Maximum Continuous Running Power Rating

• Starting Surge Power Rating

Please read details of the above two types of power ratings in Section 1.2 under “DEFINITIONS”

SECTION 1.3 | General Information – Inverter Related

14 | SAMLEX AMERICA INC.

i

INFO

The manufacturers’ specication for power rating of AC appliances and devices indicates only the Maximum

Continuous Running Power Rating. The Starting Surge Power required by some specic types of devices as

explained above has to be determined by actual testing or by checking with the manufacturer. This may not

be possible in all cases and hence, can be guessed at best, based on some general Rules of Thumb.

Table 1.3.1 provides a list of some common AC appliances / devices that require high Starting Surge Power. An

“Inverter Sizing Factor” has been recommended against each which is a Multiplication Factor to be applied to the

Maximum Continuous Running Power Rating (Active Power Rating in Watts) of the AC appliance / device to arrive

at the Maximum Continuous Running Power Rating of the inverter (Multiply the Maximum Continuous Running

Power Rating (Active Power Rating in Watts) of the appliance / device by recommended Sizing Factor to arrive at the

Maximum Continuous Running Power Rating of the inverter.

TABLE 1.3.1 INVERTER SIZING FACTOR

Type of Device or Appliance

Inverter Sizing Factor

(See Note 1)

Air Conditioner / Refrigerator / Freezer (Compressor based) 5

Air Compressor 4

Sump Pump / Well Pump / Submersible Pump 3

Dishwasher / Clothes Washer 3

Microwave (where rated output power is the Cooking Power) 2

Furnace Fan 3

Industrial Motor 3

Portable Kerosene / Diesel Fuel Heater 3

Circular Saw / Bench Grinder 3

Incandescent / Halogen / Quartz Lamps 3

Ceramic / Positive Temperature Coefcient (PTC) type of heaters 5

Laser Printer / Other Devices using Infrared, Quartz Halogen Heaters 4

Switch Mode Power Supplies (SMPS): no Power Factor correction 2

Photographic Strobe / Flash Lights 4 (See Note 2)

NOTES FOR TABLE 1.3.1:

1 Multiply the Maximum Continuous Power Rating (Active Power Rating in Watts) of the appliance / device by the

recommended sizing factor to arrive at the Maximum Continuous Running Power Rating of the Inverter.

2 For photographic strobe / ash unit, the Surge Power of the inverter should be > 4 times the Watt Sec rating of

photographic strobe / ash unit.

1.3.4 Electro-Magnetic Interference (EMI) and FCC Compliance

These inverters contain internal switching devices that generate conducted and radiated electromagnetic interference

(EMI). The EMI is unintentional and cannot be entirely eliminated. The magnitude of EMI is, however, limited by circuit

design to acceptable levels as per limits laid down in North American FCC Standard FCC Part 15(B), Class A. These

limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference when the equipment is operated in

a residential environment. These inverters can conduct and radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and

SECTION 1.3 | General Information – Inverter Related

SAMLEX AMERICA INC. | 15

used in accordance with the instruction manual, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. The effects

of EMI will also depend upon a number of factors external to the inverter like proximity of the inverter to the EMI

receptors, types and quality of connecting wires and cables etc. EMI due to factors external to the inverter may be

reduced as follows:

• Ensure that the inverter is rmly grounded to the Ground System of the building or the vehicle.

• Locate the inverter as far away from the EMI receptors like radio, audio and video devices as possible.

• Keep the DC side wires between the battery and the inverter as short as possible.

• Do NOT keep the battery wires far apart. Keep them taped together to reduce their inductance and induced

voltages. This reduces ripple in the battery wires and improves performance and efciency.

• Shield the DC side wires with metal sheathing / copper foil / braiding.

• Use coaxial shielded cable for all antenna inputs (instead of 300 ohm twin leads).

• Use high quality shielded cables to attach audio and video devices to one another.

• Limit operation of other high power loads when operating audio / video equipment.

1.3.5 Characteristics of Switch Mode Power Supplies (SMPS)

Switch Mode Power Supplies (SMPS) are extensively used to convert the incoming AC power into various voltages like

3.3V, 5V, 12V, 24V etc. that are used to power various devices and circuits used in electronic equipment like battery

chargers, computers, audio and video devices, radios etc. These power supplies use large capacitors in their input section

for ltration. When the power supply is rst turned on, there is a very large inrush current drawn by the power supply

as the input capacitors are charged (The capacitors act almost like a short circuit at the instant the power is turned

on). The inrush current at turn-on is several to tens of times larger than the rated RMS input current and lasts for a

few milliseconds. An example of the input voltage versus input current waveforms is given in Fig. 1.3.2. It will be seen

that the initial input current pulse just after turn-on is > 15 times larger than the steady state RMS current. The inrush

dissipates in around 2 or 3 cycles i.e. in around 33 to 50 milliseconds for 60 Hz sine wave.

Further, due to the presence of high value of input lter capacitors, the current drawn by an SMPS (With no Power

Factor correction) is not sinusoidal but non-linear as shown in Fig 1.3.3. The steady state input current of SMPS is a

train of non-linear pulses instead of a sinusoidal wave. These pulses are two to four milliseconds duration each with

a very high Crest Factor of around 3. Crest Factor is dened by the following equation: CREST FACTOR = PEAK

VALUE ÷ RMS VALUE

Many SMPS units incorporate “Inrush Current Limiting”. The most common method is the NTC (Negative

Temperature Coefcient) resistor. The NTC resistor has a high resistance when cold and a low resistance when hot.

The NTC resistor is placed in series with the input to the power supply. The higher cold resistance limits the input

current as the input capacitors charge up. The input current heats up the NTC and the resistance drops during normal

operation. However, if the power supply is quickly turned OFF and back ON, the NTC resistor will be hot so its low

resistance state will not prevent an inrush current event.

The inverter should, therefore, be sized adequately to withstand the high inrush current and the high Crest Factor

of the current drawn by the SMPS. Normally, inverters have short duration Surge Power Rating of 2 times their

Maximum Continuous Power Rating. Hence, it is recommended that for purposes of sizing the inverter, to

accommodate Crest Factor of 3, the Maximum Continuous Power Rating of the inverter should be > 2

times the Maximum Continuous Rated Power of the SMPS. For example, an SMPS rated at 100 Watts

should be powered from an inverter that has Maximum Continuous Power Rating of > 200 Watts.

SECTION 1.3 | General Information – Inverter Related

16 | SAMLEX AMERICA INC.

Input voltage

Peak Inrush Current

Inrush current

Rated Steady State

Input RMS Current

NOTE: Voltage and

Current scales

are dierent

Fig 1.3.2 Inrush current in an SMPS

TIME

Peak Current

RMS Current

Non-linear

Input Current

Input Sine

Wave Voltage

CREST FACTOR = PEAK CURRENT = 3

RMS CURRENT

NOTE: Voltage and

Current scales

are dierent

Volatge − Voltage +

Current − Current +

Fig 1.3.3 High Crest Factor of current drawn by SMPS

SECTION 1.4 | General Information – Battery Related

i

INFO

For complete information on Lead Acid Batteries and Charging Process, please visit www.samlexamerica.com >

Support > White Papers > White Paper – Batteries, Chargers and Alternators

1.4.1 Lead Acid Battery – Basic Description And Electro-Chemical Reactions

1.4.1.1 A Lead Acid battery consists of a number of 2 V nominal cells (actual voltage of the cell is around 2.105 V)

that are connected in series e.g. a 12 V nominal battery will have six, 2 V nominal cells in series (actual approximate

voltage of the 6 cells will be 2.105 x 6 = 12.63 V). Each 2 V nominal cell in this battery consists of an independent

SECTION 1.3 | General Information – Inverter Related

SAMLEX AMERICA INC. | 17

enclosed compartment that has Positive and Negative Plates (also called Electrodes) dipped in electrolyte that is

composed of diluted Sulphuric Acid.

1.4.1.2 A fully charged Lead Acid Battery comprises of (i) Positive Plates: Lead Dioxide (PbO

2

), (ii) Negative Plates:

Sponge Lead (Pb) and (iii) Electrolyte: Mixture of 65% water and 35% Sulfuric Acid (H

2

SO

4

) with Specic Gravity =

1.265 at Standard Room Temperature of 77°F / 25°C (Fully charged condition). During discharging, electro-chemical

reactions lead to: (i) At Positive Plates: Conversion of Lead Dioxide (PbO

2

) to soft Lead Sulfate (PbSO

4

) crystals,

(ii) At Negative Plates: Conversion of Sponge Lead (Pb) to soft Lead Sulfate (PbSO

4

) crystals and (iii) In Electrolyte:

Conversion of portion of Sulfuric Acid (H

2

SO

4

) to water leading to reduction in Specic Gravity (1.120 for fully

discharged condition).

1.4.2 Types Of Lead Acid Batteries

1.4.2.1 Sealed Lead Acid (SLA) Or Valve Regulated Lead Acid (VRLA) Batteries: These can either be Gel Cell or

AGM (Absorbed Glass Mat). In a Gel Cell battery, the electrolyte is in the form of a gel. In AGM (Absorbed Glass Mat)

battery, the electrolyte is soaked in Glass Mat. In both these types, the electrolyte is immobile. There are no rell caps

and the battery is totally sealed. Hydrogen and Oxygen released during the charging process is not allowed to escape

and is recombined inside the battery through use of Recombinant Catalyst (s). Hence, there is no water loss and the

batteries are maintenance free. These batteries have safety valves on each cell to release excessive pressure that may be

built up inside the cell. The Gel Cell is the least affected by temperature extremes, storage at low state of charge and

has a low rate of self-discharge. An AGM battery will handle overcharging slightly better than the Gel Cell.

1.4.2.2 Non Sealed (Vented / Flooded / Wet Cell) Lead acid Batteries: In these batteries, each individual cell

compartment has a rell cap that is used to top up the cell with distilled water and to measure the specic gravity of

the electrolyte using a hydrometer. When fully charged, each individual cell has a voltage of approximately 2.105 V

and electrolyte specic gravity of 1.265. As the cell discharges, its voltage and specic gravity drop. Thus, a healthy,

fully charged, 12 V nominal battery with each of the 6 cells fully charged to 2.105 V will measure a standing voltage

of 12.63 V at Standard Room Temperature of 77º F / 25º C. Also, in a healthy battery, all the individual cells will have

the same voltage and same specic gravity. If there is a substantial difference in the voltages (0.2 V or higher) and

specic gravities of the individual cells (0.015 or more), the cells will have to be “equalized” (Refer to Sections 1.4.3.4

and 1.4.4 regarding further details on equalization).

1.4.2.3 SLI (Starting, Lighting, and Ignition) Batteries: Everybody is familiar with the SLI batteries that are used

for automotive starting, lighting, ignition and powering vehicular accessories. SLI batteries are designed to produce

high current in short bursts for cranking. This current is also called also called “Cranking Amps”. SLI batteries use lots

of thin plates to maximize the surface area of the plates for providing very large Cranking Amps. This allows very high

starting current but causes the plates to warp when the battery is cycled. Vehicle starting typically discharges 1%-3%

of a healthy SLI battery’s capacity. The automotive SLI battery is not designed for repeated deep discharge where up to

80 % of the battery capacity is discharged and then recharged. If an SLI battery is used for this type of deep discharge

application, its useful service life will be drastically reduced. This type of battery is not recommended for the storage

of energy for inverter backup applications.

1.4.2.4 Deep Cycle Lead Acid Batteries: These batteries are designed with thick-plate electrodes to serve as

primary power sources, to have a constant discharge rate, to have the capability to be deeply discharged up to 80 %

capacity and to repeatedly accept recharging. They are marketed for use in recreation vehicles (RV), boats and electric

golf carts – so they may be referred to as RV batteries, marine batteries or golf cart batteries.

SECTION 1.4 | General Information – Battery Related

18 | SAMLEX AMERICA INC.

1.4.3 Battery Charging Stages:

General descriptions of 4 stages of battery charging are given at Sections 1.4.3.1 to 1.4.3.4 below. Depending upon

the type of battery and its application, different Charging Proles can be created using appropriate charging stages.

NOTE:

7 types of Charging Proles are available in EVO through programming parameter "CHARGING PROFILE". Refer to

Section 5.6 for details.

1.4.3.1 Stage 1 - Constant Current Bulk Charge Stage: In the rst stage, known as the Bulk Charge Stage,

the charger delivers a constant, maximum charging current that can be safely handled as specied by the battery

manufacturer. The value of the Bulk Charge Current depends upon the total Ampere Hour (Ah) capacity of the battery

or bank of batteries. A battery should never be charged at very high charging current as very high rate of charging will

not return the full 100% capacity as the Gassing Voltage rises with higher charging current due to “Peukert Effect”.

Also, very high charging current produces higher temperature in the active material of the plates resulting in loss of

cohesion and shedding of the active material that settles on the bottom of the plates. Shedding of the active material

results in loss of capacity. If the quantity of the shedded active material at the bottom of the plates rises, it may short

the cells.. As a general thumb rule, the Bulk Charging Current should be limited to 10% to 13% of the Ah capacity of

the battery (20 Hour discharge rate). Higher charging current may be used if permitted by the battery manufacturer.

This current is delivered to the batteries until the battery voltage approaches its Gassing Voltage of around 2.4 V per

cell at 77º F / 25º C or 14.4 V for a 12 V battery and 28.8 volts for a 24 volt battery. The Bulk Charge Stage restores

about 75% of the battery's capacity. The Gassing Voltage is the voltage at which the electrolyte in the battery begins

to break down into Hydrogen and Oxygen gases. Under normal circumstances, a battery should not be charged at a

voltage above its Gassing Voltage (except during Equalization Stage) since this will cause the battery to lose electrolyte

and dry out over time. Once the Gassing Voltage is approached, the charger transfers to the next stage, known as the

Absorption Stage.

i

INFO

As the Bulk Charge Stage is a constant current stage, the charger does not control the voltage and the

voltage seen at the output terminals of the charger will be the actual battery voltage (this will rise slowly

towards the Gassing Voltage under the inuence of the constant charging current).

1.4.3.2 Stage 2 - Constant Voltage Absorption Stage During the Absorption Stage, the charger changes from

constant current to constant voltage charging. The charging voltage is held constant near the Gassing Voltage to

ensure that the battery is further charged to the full capacity without overcharging. The Absorption Stage feeds

additional 40% of the capacity that adds up to a total charged capacity of around 115% to take care of around

15% loss of charging efciency. As the output voltage of the charger is held constant, the battery absorbs the charge

slowly and the current reduces gradually till all of the soft Lead Sulfate (PbSO

4

) crystals have been converted to Lead

Dioxide (PbO

2

) on the Positive Plates and Sponge Lead (Pb) on the Negative Plates. The time the charger is held in the

Absorption Stage before it transitions to the next Float Stage is determined in one or more of the following conditions:

a) By a xed timer (e.g. 4 to 8 Hours). This may result in overcharging of almost fully charged batteries.

b) When charge current drops to specied threshold: Switching over to the Float Stage when the charge

current drops below a certain threshold (e.g. 10% of the charger Bulk Charge Current). This may result in

overcharging and locking in the Absorption Stage if the battery is feeding an external load that has a value > the

specied threshold.

SECTION 1.4 | General Information – Battery Related

SAMLEX AMERICA INC. | 19

c) Using Adaptive Charging Algorithm: This ensures that the battery is completely charged in a safe manner

for longer battery life (Suitable for battery that does not have load connected to it). In this algorithm, the time

the battery remains in Absorption and Equalization Stages is automatically made proportional to the time the

battery remains in the Bulk Charge Stage. A battery that is deeply discharged will remain in Bulk Stage for a

longer duration and will require longer time in the Absorption and Equalization Stages for complete charging.

On the other hand, a battery that is almost completely charged will remain in the Bulk Stage for a shorter

duration and consequently, will remain in Absorption and Equalization stages for a shorter duration. This will

prevent overcharging / boiling of the battery. EVO Series has 2 programmable options to use this Adaptive

Charging Algorithm – (i) 3-Stage Adaptive (Table 5.2, Srl. 1) & (ii) 4-Stage Adaptive for Equalization (Section

5.8).

1.4.3.3 Stage 3 - Constant Voltage Float Stage: The Float Stage is a maintenance stage in which the output

voltage is reduced to a constant lower level, typically about 13.5 V for a 12 V battery and 27 V for a 24V battery to

maintain the battery's charge without losing electrolyte through gassing and also, to compensate for self discharge.

Self discharge of Lead Acid Battery is the electrical Ampere Hour (Ah) capacity that is lost when the battery is not

being charged and there is no load connected to it. i.e. sits idle in storage. Self-discharge is caused by electro-chemical

processes within the battery and is equivalent to application of a small electrical load. For example, Lead Acid battery

stored at 30°C / 86°F would self-discharge at around 1% of remaining capacity every day. Self-discharge increases

with increase in temperature. Self-discharge of the battery under long term storage will create condition equivalent to

under charging and consequently, lead to “sulfation” as explained at Section 1.4.4.1.

1.4.3.4 Stage 4 - Constant Voltage Equalization Stage: This stage is normally initiated manually because it is

not required every time the battery is recharged [In EVO, it is carried out manually through programming parameter

"EQUALIZE-4STAGES"(See Section 4.4.2.12 in EVO-RC-PLUS Remote Control Manual)]. Normally, only vented / wet cell

/ ooded batteries are equalized. Some sealed AGM batteries may be equalized if recommended by the manufacturer

(e.g. Life Line brand of sealed, AGM batteries). Equalization Stage is normally activated after completion of the Bulk

and Absorption Stages. During the Equalization Stage, the battery is intentionally charged at a constant voltage at a

value above the Gassing Voltage which is normally in the region of 2.5 to 2.7 V per cell at 25º C / 77º F (e.g. 15 to

16 V for 12 V batteries and 30 to 32 V for 24 V batteries). The time the battery remains in this stage is determined as

follows:

• By a xed timer (e.g. 4 to 8 Hours): This may result in overcharging of almost fully charged batteries

• Using an automatic Adaptive Charging Algorithm: This ensures that the battery is equalized in a safe

manner for longer battery life. EVO Inverter Charger Series uses this Adaptive Charging Algorithm for

Equalization. [Refer to Section 1.4.3.2 (c) for details.]

Recommendations of the battery manufacturer are to be followed for equalizing the batteries as the equalization

voltage, current, time and frequency will depend upon the specic design of the battery. As a guide, a heavily used

ooded battery may need to be equalized once per month and a battery in light duty service, every two to four months.

The Equalization Charge Current should be a relatively low current of around 2% to 10% of the Ah capacity of the

battery. Such a low current prevents an overcharge condition that results in excessive gassing and excessive loss of water.

1.4.4 Why Flooded / Wet Cell Lead Acid Batteries Are Equalized?

For proper health and long life of a Lead Acid battery, it is required to undergo an Equalization Stage (described at

Section 1.4.3.4 above) during the charging process to prevent / reduce the following undesirable effects:

SECTION 1.4 | General Information – Battery Related

20 | SAMLEX AMERICA INC.

1.4.4.1 Sulfation: Section 1.4.1.2 above gives details of basic electrochemical reactions during charging and

discharging. If the charging process is not complete due to the inability of the charger to provide the required voltage

levels or if the battery is left uncharged for a long duration of time, the soft Lead Sulfate (PbSO

4

) crystals on the

Positive and Negative plates that are formed during discharging / self discharge are not fully converted back to Lead

Dioxide (PbO

2

) on the Positive plate and Sponge Lead on the Negative plate and get hardened and are difcult to

dislodge through normal charging. These crystals are less-conducting and hence, introduce increased internal resistance

in the battery. This increased internal resistance introduces internal voltage drop during charging and discharging.

Voltage drop during charging results in overheating and undercharging and formation of more Lead Sulfate (PbSO

4

)

crystals. Voltage drop on discharging results in overheating and excessive voltage drop in the terminal voltage of the

battery. Overall, this results in poor performance of the battery. To dislodge these hardened Lead Sulfate crystals, some

chargers are designed to detect a sulfated condition at the start of the charging process and go through an initial

De-sulfation Mode that sends high frequency, high voltage pulses at the natural oscillation frequency of the crystals to

dislodge the hardened crystals. Sulfation may also be reduced partially by the stirring / mixing action of the electrolyte

due to gassing and bubbling because of intentional overcharging during the Equalization Stage.

1.4.4.2 Electrolyte Stratication: Electrolyte stratication can occur in all types of ooded batteries. As the

battery is discharged and charged, the concentration of Sulfuric Acid becomes higher at the bottom of the cell

and lower at the top of the cell. The low acid concentration reduces capacity at the top of the plates, and the high

acid concentration accelerates corrosion at the bottom of the plates and shortens battery life. Stratication can be

minimized by the Equalization Stage by raising the charging voltage so that the increased gassing and bubbling

agitates / stirs the electrolyte and ensures that the electrolyte has uniform concentration from top to bottom. The

stirring action also helps to break up any Lead Sulfate crystals, which may remain after normal charging.

1.4.4.3 Unequal charging of cells: During normal charging, temperature and chemical imbalances prevent

some cells from reaching full charge. As a battery is discharged, the cells with lower voltage will be drained further

than the cells at higher voltage. When recharged, the cells with the higher voltage will be fully charged before

the cells with the lower voltage. The more a battery is cycled, the more cell voltage separation takes place. In a

healthy battery, all the individual cells will have the same voltage and same specic gravity. If there is a substantial

difference in the cell voltages (0.2 V or more) and in the specic gravities (0.015 or more) of the individual cells,

the cells will require equalization. Equalizing batteries helps to bring all the cells of a battery to the same voltage.

During the Equalization Stage, fully charged cells will dissipate the charging energy by gassing while incompletely

charged cells continue to charge.

1.4.5 Temperature Compensation To Prevent Over And Under Charging

1.4.5.1.1 Electrochemical reactions during charging / discharging of Lead Acid / Nickel Zinc (Ni-Zn) Batteries are

affected by changes in the temperature of the electrolyte. These type of batteries have a Negative Temperature

Coefcient of Voltage i.e. the battery charging / discharging voltages will fall due to rise in electrolyte temperature and

will rise due to fall in electrolyte temperature. Battery manufacturers, therefore, specify battery voltages and capacity at

Standard Room Temperature of 77º F / 25º C. The Negative Temperature Coefcient is normally within a range of -3 to

-5mV/ ºC/Cell or (i) -18 to -30mV / ºC for a 6-cell, 12V battery or (ii) -36 to -60mV / ºC for 12-cell, 24V battery.

1.4.5.1.2 Lithium Ion charging voltages are not affected by temperature and hence, do not require temperature

compensation.

SECTION 1.4 | General Information – Battery Related

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